{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:49:36Z","timestamp":1791935376796,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8096","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09948-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:01:56Z","timestamp":1767801716000},"page":"345-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Soft photonic skins with dynamic texture and colour control"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"649","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth","family":"Doshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4816-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"G\u00fcsken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2482-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerwin","family":"Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Carlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3954-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Ortiz-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6108-0273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bohan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polly M.","family":"Fordyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Salleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2601-1379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Melosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1777-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark L.","family":"Brongersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16088","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.88","volume":"2","author":"A Kristensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kristensen, A. et al. Plasmonic colour generation. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 16088 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5371","volume":"358","author":"AL Holsteen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holsteen, A. L., Raza, S., Fan, P., Kik, P. G. & Brongersma, M. L. Purcell effect for active tuning of light scattering from semiconductor optical antennas. Science 358, 1407\u20131410 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-022-01255-9","volume":"21","author":"K Vynck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vynck, K. et al. The visual appearances of disordered optical metasurfaces. Nat. Mater. 21, 1035\u20131041 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531338","volume":"28","author":"T Weyrich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weyrich, T., Peers, P., Matusik, W. & Rusinkiewicz, S. Fabricating microgeometry for custom surface reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 1\u20136 (2009).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"9948_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-009-0430-y","volume":"195","author":"JJ Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen, J. J., M\u00e4thger, L. M., Barbosa, A. & Hanlon, R. T. Cuttlefish use visual cues to control three-dimensional skin papillae for camouflage. J. Comp. Physiol. A 195, 547\u2013555 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"9948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20121","volume":"274","author":"JJ Allen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen, J. J., Bell, G. R. R., Kuzirian, A. M. & Hanlon, R. T. Cuttlefish skin papilla morphology suggests a muscular hydrostatic function for rapid changeability. J. Morphol. 274, 645\u2013656 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"9948_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.0240","volume":"274","author":"EJ Kelman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kelman, E. J., Baddeley, R. J., Shohet, A. J. & Osorio, D. Perception of visual texture and the expression of disruptive camouflage by the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 274, 1369\u20131375 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.02.011","volume":"48","author":"A Barbosa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barbosa, A. et al. Cuttlefish camouflage: the effects of substrate contrast and size in evoking uniform, mottle or disruptive body patterns. Vis. Res. 48, 1242\u20131253 (2008).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"9948_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01256-4","volume":"18","author":"M Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, M. et al. Versatile full-colour nanopainting enabled by a pixelated plasmonic metasurface. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 71\u201378 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"9948_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702669","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201702669","volume":"30","author":"M Kolle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kolle, M. & Lee, S. Progress and opportunities in soft photonics and biologically inspired optics. Adv. Mater. 30, 1702669 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200900067","volume":"21","author":"JJ Walish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walish, J. J., Kang, Y., Mickiewicz, R. A. & Thomas, E. L. Bioinspired electrochemically tunable block copolymer full color pixels. Adv. Mater. 21, 3078\u20133081 (2009).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadf7207","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf7207","volume":"9","author":"P Cencillo-Abad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cencillo-Abad, P., Franklin, D., Mastranzo-Ortega, P., Sanchez-Mondragon, J. & Chanda, D. Ultralight plasmonic structural color paint. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf7207 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"9948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10318","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c02538","volume":"15","author":"F Sterl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sterl, F., Herkert, E., Both, S., Weiss, T. & Giessen, H. Shaping the color and angular appearance of plasmonic metasurfaces with tailored disorder. ACS Nano 15, 10318\u201310327 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"9948_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6362","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10962","volume":"17","author":"A Agreda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agreda, A. et al. Tailoring iridescent visual appearance with disordered resonant metasurfaces. ACS Nano 17, 6362\u20136372 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"9948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5627","volume":"358","author":"JH Pikul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pikul, J. H. et al. Stretchable surfaces with programmable 3D texture morphing for synthetic camouflaging skins. Science 358, 210\u2013214 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215309","volume":"335","author":"J Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, J., Hanna, J. A., Byun, M., Santangelo, C. D. & Hayward, R. C. Designing responsive buckled surfaces by halftone gel lithography. Science 335, 1201\u20131205 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5899","volume":"5","author":"Q Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Gossweiler, G. R., Craig, S. L. & Zhao, X. Cephalopod-inspired design of electro-mechano-chemically responsive elastomers for on-demand fluorescent patterning. Nat. Commun. 5, 4899 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9948_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201300128","volume":"1","author":"T Ohzono","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ohzono, T., Suzuki, K., Yamaguchi, T. & Fukuda, N. Tunable optical diffuser based on deformable wrinkles. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 374\u2013380 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40163-7","volume":"14","author":"P Pratakshya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pratakshya, P. et al. Octopus-inspired deception and signaling systems from an exceptionally-stable acene variant. Nat. Commun. 14, 8528 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9948_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2606","volume":"9","author":"J Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, J., Yoon, J. & Hayward, R. C. Dynamic display of biomolecular patterns through an elastic creasing instability of stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Nat. Mater. 9, 159\u2013164 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43921-9","volume":"14","author":"M Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, M. et al. Micro- and nanofabrication of dynamic hydrogels with multichannel information. Nat. Commun. 14, 8208 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9948_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00866-4","volume":"20","author":"J Oh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oh, J. et al. Dynamic multimodal holograms of conjugated organogels via dithering mask lithography. Nat. Mater. 20, 385\u2013394 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9990","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c03570","volume":"22","author":"C Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai, C., Wang, Z., Shi, Y., Li, Z. & Li, Z. Scalable hydrogel-based nanocavities for switchable meta-holography with dynamic color printing. Nano Lett. 22, 9990\u20139996 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"9948_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1039\/b927374c","volume":"6","author":"M Guvendiren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guvendiren, M., Burdick, J. A. & Yang, S. Kinetic study of swelling-induced surface pattern formation and ordering in hydrogel films with depth-wise crosslinking gradient. Soft Matter 6, 2044\u20132049 (2010).","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"9948_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222149","volume":"337","author":"SA Morin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morin, S. A. et al. Camouflage and display for soft machines. Science 337, 828\u2013832 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2390-x","volume":"582","author":"N Lassaline","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lassaline, N. et al. Optical Fourier surfaces. Nature 582, 506\u2013510 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9948_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07455-4","volume":"630","author":"J Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, J. et al. Nano-achiral complex composites for extreme polarization optics. Nature 630, 860\u2013865 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.03.025","volume":"152","author":"N Chaudhary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chaudhary, N. et al. Electron beam induced modifications in electrical properties of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) films. Vacuum 152, 243\u2013247 (2018).","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"9948_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0640","volume":"13","author":"S Doshi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doshi, S. et al. Direct electron beam patterning of electro-optically active PEDOT:PSS. Nanophotonics 13, 2271\u20132280 (2024).","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"9948_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19100","volume":"536","author":"M Wehner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wehner, M. et al. An integrated design and fabrication strategy for entirely soft, autonomous robots. Nature 536, 451\u2013455 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9948_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01197-y","volume":"17","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Metasurface optofluidics for dynamic control of light fields. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 1097\u20131103 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"9948_CR32","first-page":"209","volume":"101","author":"H Davies","year":"1954","unstructured":"Davies, H. The reflection of electromagnetic waves from a rough surface. Proc. IEE IV Inst. Monogr. 101, 209\u2013214 (1954).","journal-title":"Proc. IEE IV Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"9948_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9820","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.009820","volume":"19","author":"S Schr\u00f6der","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der, S. et al. Modeling of light scattering in different regimes of surface roughness. Opt. Express 19, 9820\u20139835 (2011).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"9948_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618474","volume":"28","author":"W Matusik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matusik, W. et al. Printing spatially-varying reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 1\u20139 (2009).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"9948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1021\/nl501460x","volume":"14","author":"SJ Tan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tan, S. J. et al. Plasmonic color palettes for photorealistic printing with aluminum nanostructures. Nano Lett. 14, 4023\u20134029 (2014).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"9948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm8598","volume":"8","author":"C Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung, C. et al. Disordered-nanoparticle\u2013based etalon for ultrafast humidity-responsive colorimetric sensors and anti-counterfeiting displays. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm8598 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"9948_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202105004","volume":"33","author":"S Rossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi, S. et al. Dynamically tuneable reflective structural coloration with electroactive conducting polymer nanocavities. Adv. Mater. 33, 2105004 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701281","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201701281","volume":"6","author":"S Cormier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cormier, S., Ding, T., Turek, V. & Baumberg, J. J. Actuating single nano-oscillators with light. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1701281 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14606","volume":"8","author":"X Duan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duan, X., Kamin, S. & Liu, N. Dynamic plasmonic colour display. Nat. Commun. 8, 14606 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9948_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074376","volume":"297","author":"R Pappu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pappu, R., Recht, B., Taylor, J. & Gershenfeld, N. Physical one-way functions. Science 297, 2026\u20132030 (2002).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-021-01075-3","volume":"21","author":"S-U Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S.-U. et al. Broadband and pixelated camouflage in inflating chiral nematic liquid crystalline elastomers. Nat. Mater. 21, 41\u201346 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.1c02515","volume":"55","author":"C Dingler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dingler, C., Walter, R., Gompf, B. & Ludwigs, S. In situ monitoring of optical constants, conductivity, and swelling of PEDOT:PSS from doped to the fully neutral state. Macromolecules 55, 1600\u20131608 (2022).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"9948_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-02042-4","volume":"24","author":"S Doshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doshi, S. et al. Electrochemically mutable soft metasurfaces. Nat. Mater. 24, 205\u2013211 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceballos, A. C., MacWilliams, K. P., Prescop, T. A. & Loewen, R. J. Full-wafer, maskless patterning with sub-50nm resolution and large depth-of-focus enabled by multicolumn electron beam lithography. In Novel Patterning Technologies 2024 Vol. 12956 213\u2013217 (SPIE, 2024).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3010903"},{"key":"9948_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh3551","volume":"373","author":"Y-Q Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.-Q. et al. Monolithic optical microlithography of high-density elastic circuits. Science 373, 88\u201394 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202415827","volume":"37","author":"S Doshi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doshi, S. et al. Thermal processing creates water-stable PEDOT:PSS films for bioelectronics. Adv. Mater. 37, 2415827 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.68","volume":"3","author":"J Heikenfeld","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heikenfeld, J. et al. Electrofluidic displays using Young\u2013Laplace transposition of brilliant pigment dispersions. Nat. Photonics 3, 292\u2013296 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"9948_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oostra, D. J. in E-Paper Displays (ed. Yang, B.-R.) 197\u2013224 (Wiley, 2022).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119745624.ch9"},{"key":"9948_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366ra165","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2593","volume":"8","author":"A Koh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koh, A. et al. A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat. Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 366ra165 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"9948_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-6359(86)90090-5","volume":"8","author":"I Sherrington","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sherrington, I. & Smith, E. H. The significance of surface topography in engineering. Precis. Eng. 8, 79\u201387 (1986).","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"9948_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5317.1425","volume":"276","author":"CS Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen, C. S., Mrksich, M., Huang, S., Whitesides, G. M. & Ingber, D. E. Geometric control of cell life and death. Science 276, 1425\u20131428 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801595","volume":"30","author":"Y Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Remote control over underwater dynamic attachment\/detachment and locomotion. Adv. Mater. 30, 1801595 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"9948_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06517-3","volume":"622","author":"KA Gopinathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gopinathan, K. A., Mishra, A., Mutlu, B. R., Edd, J. F. & Toner, M. A microfluidic transistor for automatic control of liquids. Nature 622, 735\u2013741 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9948_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MH01070G","volume":"8","author":"JG Gluschke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gluschke, J. G. et al. Integrated bioelectronic proton-gated logic elements utilizing nanoscale patterned Nafion. Mater. Horiz. 8, 224\u2013233 (2021).","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"9948_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk5556","volume":"384","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation. Science 384, 987\u2013994 (2024).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9948_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doshi, S. AFM data for \u201cSoft photonic skins with dynamic texture and color control\u201d. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17347008 (2025).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17347008"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09948-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09948-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09948-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:31:26Z","timestamp":1767969086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09948-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8096","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09948-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.D., N.A.M. and M.L.B. have filed a patent application related to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}