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Solid tumours are innervated by different branches of the peripheral nervous system and increased tumour innervation is associated with poor cancer outcomes\n                    <jats:sup>6\u20138<\/jats:sup>\n                    . However, it remains unclear how the brain senses and responds to tumours in peripheral organs, and how tumour\u2013brain communication influences cancer immunity. Here we identify a tumour\u2013brain axis that promotes oncogenesis by establishing an immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment. Combining genetically engineered mouse models with neural tracing, tissue imaging and single-cell transcriptomics, we demonstrate that lung adenocarcinoma induces innervation and functional engagement of vagal sensory neurons, a major interoceptive system connecting visceral organs to the brain. Mechanistically,\n                    <jats:italic>Npy2r<\/jats:italic>\n                    -expressing vagal sensory nerves transmit signals from lung tumours to brainstem nuclei, driving elevated sympathetic efferent activity in the tumour microenvironment. This, in turn, suppresses anti-tumour immunity via \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adrenergic signalling in alveolar macrophages. Disruption of this sensory-to-sympathetic pathway through genetic, pharmacological or chemogenetic approaches significantly inhibited lung tumour growth by enhancing immune responses against cancer. Collectively, these results reveal a bidirectional tumour\u2013brain communication involving vagal sensory input and sympathetic output that cooperatively regulate anti-cancer immunity; targeting this tumour\u2013brain circuit may provide new treatments for visceral organ cancers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-10028-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:02:56Z","timestamp":1770220976000},"page":"1007-1016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Tumour\u2013brain crosstalk restrains cancer immunity via a sensory\u2013sympathetic axis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"650","author":[{"given":"Haohan K.","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3286-3199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuyue D.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2979-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5187-810X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ichise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7176-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiqi L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald N.","family":"Germain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6953-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui B.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10028_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07469-y","volume":"630","author":"H Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin, H., Li, M., Jeong, E., Castro-Martinez, F. & Zuker, C. 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