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Here, we report that tuning can instead shift rapidly and coherently across a neural population, enabling a dynamic transition from detecting a broad category to discriminating individual exemplars. We set out to address a longstanding debate in visual neuroscience about whether the inferotemporal cortex uses a specialized code for specific object categories or a general-purpose code that applies to all objects. We found that face-selective cells in macaque inferotemporal cortex initially adopted a general code optimized for face detection. However, after a rapid concerted population event lasting less than 20\u2009ms, the neural code transformed into a face-specific one, with two striking features: response gradients to principal detection-related dimensions reversed direction, and new tuning emerged for multiple higher-dimensional features that support fine face discrimination. These dynamics in face patches were specific to face stimuli and did not occur in response to non-face objects. Thus, for faces, face cells transition from detection to discrimination by switching from an object-general code to a face-specific one. More broadly, our findings indicate that there is a previously unknown mechanism for neural representation: concerted stimulus-dependent switching of the neural code used by a cortical area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10267-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:02:56Z","timestamp":1774454576000},"page":"146-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Rapid concerted switching of the neural code in the inferotemporal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"653","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6788-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuelin","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janis K.","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8176-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank F.","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3749-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-1919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris Y.","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","volume":"160","author":"DH Hubel","year":"1962","unstructured":"Hubel, D. 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