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Disruptions in these critical communication pathways are linked to several neurological, psychiatric and developmental disorders\n                    <jats:sup>3,4<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Although clinicians have long used standard growth charts to track physical development\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with more recent work translating these to whole-brain and grey matter measurements\n                    <jats:sup>6\u20139<\/jats:sup>\n                    , there has been no equivalent reference standard for white matter. Establishing a readily available normative reference is an imperative first step if we hope to utilize these white matter structural biomarkers clinically. Here we present lifespan reference charts for human brain white matter. By processing and standardizing 35,120 brain scans from diverse global studies, we mapped the typical growth, maturation and age-related decline of specific brain pathways from birth to 100 years of age. These reference charts establish a fundamental benchmark for healthy brain development and ageing, allowing researchers and clinicians to quantify how an individual\u2019s brain\u00a0deviates from typical patterns and highlighting disorder-related alterations. Furthermore, the accompanying open access charts enable the scientific and clinical communities to evaluate new patient and research data against these normative baselines, facilitating future clinical and neuroscience studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10454-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:02:52Z","timestamp":1778684572000},"page":"979-989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["White matter micro- and macrostructure brain charts for the human lifespan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"655","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3562-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael 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S.M.R. is an employee of the Intramural Research Program of the NIA\/NIH; the BLSA studies and investigators are funded by the NIA. K.L.H. participated in the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences Hill Day in May 2025, meeting with congressional representatives to advocate for continued National Science Foundation (NSF) funding as part of the Coalition for National Science Funding efforts celebrating 75 years of NSF support. A.L.J. serves as a member of the advisory board for Lantheus\u2014Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovations, Billerica, MA. serves as chair of the Observational Study Monitoring Board, Diverse-VCID: White Matter Lesion Etiology of Dementia in Diverse Populations (Diverse-VCID) Study, Bethesda, MD, is a member of the Observational Study Monitoring Board, Determinants of Incident Stroke Cognitive Outcomes and Vascular Effects on Recovery (DISCOVERY) Study, Bethesda, MD, is a member of the External Advisory Board, Kansas Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Core Center (P30), Kansas City, KS, is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Paul B. Beeson Emerging Leaders Career Development Program, John A. Hartford Foundation and American Federations for Aging Research, New York, NY, is a member of the External Advisory Committee for the Clin-STAR Coordinating Center, American Federation for Aging Research, New York, NY, and is a member of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementia Advisory Council, State of Tennessee. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}