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Response to this forcing produces temporal variations in the Martian gravity field and is sensitive to the internal structure of the planet\n                    <jats:sup>2\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Using tracking data from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Odyssey (ODY) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft\n                    <jats:sup>5\u20137<\/jats:sup>\n                    , we demonstrate that degree-3 components of the time-variable gravity field of Mars differ by up to 300% from predictions for a spherically symmetric planet\n                    <jats:sup>8\u201310<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These deviations can be explained if the effective shear modulus of the mantle varies by &gt;20% over a roughly north\u2013south pattern that closely aligns with the surface expression of the Martian crustal dichotomy\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    . On the basis of this correlation, we infer preservation of a 200\u2013400\u2009\u00b0C thermal anomaly in the present-day mantle below the southern highlands of Mars. This temperature variation could reflect regional mantle convection\n                    <jats:sup>12,13<\/jats:sup>\n                    or insulation by the thick southern highlands crust of Mars that has persisted over several billion years\n                    <jats:sup>14,15<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10893-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:01:48Z","timestamp":1787756508000},"page":"848-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tidal tomography reveals a thermal anomaly beneath Mars\u2019s crustal dichotomy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"656","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7857-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Berne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2917-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isamu","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7707-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5584-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Rovira-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6925-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Marusiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Hemingway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet C. 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