{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:30:53Z","timestamp":1790991053547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8133","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    White nationalism has become increasingly visible in American public life\n                    <jats:sup>1\u201310<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Yet we lack knowledge of the predictors and prevalence of explicit support for this ideology, as survey research has treated it as a latent construct captured through indirect indicators\n                    <jats:sup>11\u201315<\/jats:sup>\n                    . We introduce and validate a measure that informs respondents of the core tenets of the white nationalist movement and then asks whether they support the movement. Expressed support is distinct from organizational affiliation with the movement, which we do not measure. Here we show with three national surveys of non-Hispanic white adults (conducted from 2021 to 2025) that support for white nationalism is (1) higher among white people encountering personal hardship and local social distress, consistent with strain theories\n                    <jats:sup>3,16<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; (2) unrelated to local racial composition or recent\u00a0demographic change, complicating status threat accounts\n                    <jats:sup>4,17,18<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; and (3) elevated among white people with close friendships primarily online, consistent with theories of extremism driven by online mobilization\n                    <jats:sup>7,10,19<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Support for white nationalism is more common among white people with lower incomes and education, Republicans and conservatives, and those who are politically disaffected. In our national probability sample, prevalence of support\u00a0was estimated at 4.9% of white adults, including 13.5% of white men aged 18\u201329. Support for white nationalism seems to constitute a discrete dimension of white racial attitudes, and many white people who endorse its core ideas are unaware of the label.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-11018-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:06:48Z","timestamp":1789571208000},"page":"964-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictors and prevalence of support for white nationalism in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"657","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9905-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Egan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Bisbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1321-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"11018_CR1","unstructured":"Dobratz, B. A. & Shanks-Meile, S. L. White Power, White Pride! The White Separatist Movement in the United States (Twayne Publishers, 1997)."},{"key":"11018_CR2","unstructured":"Swain, C. M. The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002)."},{"key":"11018_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.4.497","volume":"49","author":"N Van Dyke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Dyke, N. & Soule, S. A. Structural social change and the mobilizing effect of threat: explaining levels of patriot and militia organizing in the United States. Soc. Probl. 49, 497\u2013520 (2002).","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"key":"11018_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2013.60.1.128","volume":"60","author":"RM Durso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Durso, R. M. & Jacobs, D. The determinants of the number of white supremacist groups: A pooled time-series analysis. Soc. Probl. 60, 128\u2013144 (2013).","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."},{"key":"11018_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.33972\/jhs.105","volume":"12","author":"D Dentice","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dentice, D. & Bugg, D. Fighting for the right to be white: a case study in white racial identity. J. Hate Stud. 12, 101\u2013128 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hate Stud."},{"key":"11018_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122417728719","volume":"82","author":"P Simi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simi, P., Blee, K., DeMichele, M. & Windisch, S. Addicted to hate: identity residual among former white supremacists. Am. Sociol. Rev. 82, 1167\u20131187 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"11018_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belew, K. Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America (Harvard Univ. Press, 2018).","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674984943"},{"key":"11018_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12081","volume":"16","author":"C Reyna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reyna, C., Bellovary, A. & Harris, K. The psychology of white nationalism: ambivalence towards a changing America. Soc. Issues Pol. Rev. 16, 79\u2013124 (2022).","journal-title":"Soc. Issues Pol. Rev."},{"key":"11018_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X221088844","volume":"50","author":"A Weiner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weiner, A. & Zellman, A. Mobilizing the white: white nationalism and congressional politics in the American South. Am. Pol. Res. 50, 707\u2013722 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. Pol. Res."},{"key":"11018_CR10","unstructured":"Simi, P. & Futrell, R. American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement\u2019s Hidden Spaces of Hate 3rd edn (Rowman and Littlefield, 2024)."},{"key":"11018_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Graham, A., Cullen, F. T., Butler, L. C., Burton, A. L. & Burton V. S. Jr. Who wears the MAGA hat? Racial beliefs and faith in Trump. Socius https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2378023121992600 (2021).","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023121992600"},{"key":"11018_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1086\/722762","volume":"55","author":"A Graham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graham, A. et al. Blinded by the white (nationalism): separatist ideology and discounting the threat of COVID-19 to society. Polity 55, 195\u2013222 (2023).","journal-title":"Polity"},{"key":"11018_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12331","volume":"61","author":"LC Butler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butler, L. C., Cullen, F. T. & Burton, V. S. Jr. Racial attitudes and belief in redeemability: most whites believe justice-involved Black people can change. Criminology 61, 316\u2013353 (2023).","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"11018_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2025.2504966","volume":"42","author":"M Haner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haner, M., Sloan, M. M. & Pickett, J. T. White nationalism and support for political violence in the United States. Just. Quart. 42, 1197\u20131222 (2025).","journal-title":"Just. Quart."},{"key":"11018_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/0004865820969760","volume":"54","author":"TC Kulig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulig, T. C., Graham, A., Cullen, F. T., Piquero, A. R. & Haner, M. Bad hombres at the Southern US border? White nationalism and the perceived dangerousness of immigrants. J. Criminol. 54, 283\u2013304 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Criminol."},{"key":"11018_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480609350163","volume":"14","author":"R Agnew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agnew, R. A general strain theory of terrorism. Theor. Criminol. 14, 131\u2013153 (2010).","journal-title":"Theor. Criminol."},{"key":"11018_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614527113","volume":"25","author":"MA Craig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Craig, M. A. & Richeson, J. A. On the precipice of a \u201cmajority-minority\u201d America: perceived status threat from the racial demographic shift affects white Americans\u2019 political ideology. Psychol. Sci. 25, 1189\u20131197 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"11018_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.2307\/2096302","volume":"61","author":"L Bobo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bobo, L. & Hutchings, V. L. Perceptions of racial group competition: extending Blumer\u2019s theory of group position to a multiracial social context. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61, 951\u2013972 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"11018_CR19","unstructured":"Oda\u01e7, \u00d6., Leiser, A. & Boehnke, K. Reviewing the role of the Internet in radicalization processes. J. Deradicaliz. 21, 261\u2013300 (2019)."},{"key":"11018_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead, A. L. & Perry, S. L. Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States (Oxford Univ. Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190057886.001.0001"},{"key":"11018_CR21","unstructured":"Mapping Christian Nationalism Across the 50 States: Insights from PRRI\u2019s 2025 American Values Atlas (Public Religion Research Institute, 2026)."},{"key":"11018_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/86.2.613","volume":"86","author":"PR Croll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Croll, P. R. Modeling determinants of white racial identity: results from a new national survey. Social Forces 86, 613\u2013642 (2007).","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"11018_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jardina, A. White Identity Politics (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108645157"},{"key":"11018_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619868208","volume":"15","author":"PS Forscher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forscher, P. S. & Kteily, N. S. A psychological profile of the alt-right. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 15, 90\u2013116 (2020).","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"11018_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302211030009","volume":"25","author":"ED Knowles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knowles, E. D., Tropp, L. R. & Mogami, M. When white Americans see \u201cnon-whites\u201d as a group: belief in minority collusion and support for white identity politics. Group Proc. Intergr. Relat. 25, 768\u2013790 (2022).","journal-title":"Group Proc. Intergr. Relat."},{"key":"11018_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiktorowicz, Q. Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach (Indiana Univ. Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.2979\/2101.0"},{"key":"11018_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00042","volume":"10","author":"JJ B\u00e9langer","year":"2019","unstructured":"B\u00e9langer, J. J. et al. Radicalization leading to violence: a test of the 3N model. Front. Psychiatry\u00a010, 42 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"11018_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4617","volume":"356","author":"R Chetty","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chetty, R. et al. The fading American dream: trends in absolute income mobility since 1940. Science 356, 398\u2013406 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11018_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, A. & Deaton, A. Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism (Princeton Univ. Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691217062"},{"key":"11018_CR30","unstructured":"Frey, W. H. Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America (Brookings Institution Press, 2018)."},{"key":"11018_CR31","unstructured":"Kaufmann, E. P. Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and The Future of White Majorities (Abrams, 2019)."},{"key":"11018_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robinson, N. & Whittaker, J. Playing for hate? Extremism, terrorism, and videogames. Stud. Confl. Terror. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1057610X.2020.1866740 (2021).","DOI":"10.1080\/1057610X.2020.1866740"},{"key":"11018_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X18768115","volume":"52","author":"M Costello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Costello, M., Barrett-Fox, R., Bernatzky, C., Hawdon, J. & Mendes, K. Predictors of viewing online extremism among America\u2019s youth. Youth Soc. 52, 710\u2013727 (2020).","journal-title":"Youth Soc."},{"key":"11018_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1086\/707490","volume":"82","author":"CD DeSante","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeSante, C. D. & Smith, C. W. Less is more: a cross-generational analysis of the nature and role of racial attitudes in the twenty-first century. J. Pol. 82, 967\u2013980 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pol."},{"key":"11018_CR35","unstructured":"Fetterolf, J. Most adults across 24 countries are online at least several times a day. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2025\/09\/08\/most-adults-across-24-countries-are-online-at-least-several-times-a-dayPew Research Center (2025)"},{"key":"11018_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeves, R. V. Of Boys and Men: Why the Modern Male is Struggling, Why it Matters, and What to do About it (Brookings Institution Press, 2022).","DOI":"10.5771\/9780815739883"},{"key":"11018_CR37","unstructured":"Ansolabehere, S. & Schaffner, B. Cooperative Election Study Common Content, 2021 (Harvard Dataverse, 2022)."},{"key":"11018_CR38","unstructured":"National Opinion Research Center. Technical Overview of the AmeriSpeak Panel https:\/\/www.norc.org\/content\/dam\/amerispeak\/about-amerispeak\/pdf\/amerispeak-technical-overview.pdf (2025)."},{"key":"11018_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hartman, R. et al. Introducing Connect by CloudResearch: advancing online participant recruitment in the digital age. Preprint at OSF https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/ksgyr (2023).","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ksgyr"},{"key":"11018_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116870119","volume":"119","author":"SJ Westwood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Westwood, S. J., Grimmer, J., Tyler, M. & Nall, C. Current research overstates American support for political violence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2116870119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"11018_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2021.32","volume":"30","author":"B Read","year":"2022","unstructured":"Read, B., Wolters, L. & Berinsky, A. J. Racing the clock: using response time as a proxy for attentiveness on self-administered surveys. Pol. Anal. 30, 550\u2013569 (2022).","journal-title":"Pol. Anal."},{"key":"11018_CR42","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. The American Trends Panel Survey Methodology https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/journalism\/2025\/09\/25\/news-information-fact-sheets-methodology (2025)"},{"key":"11018_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfac011","volume":"86","author":"JD Clinton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clinton, J. D., Lapinski, J. S. & Trussler, M. J. Reluctant Republicans, eager Democrats?: Partisan nonresponse and the accuracy of 2020 presidential pre-election telephone polls. Pub. Opin. Quart. 86, 247\u2013269 (2022).","journal-title":"Pub. Opin. Quart."},{"key":"11018_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055422000399","volume":"117","author":"A Cavari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cavari, A. & Freedman, G. Survey nonresponse and mass polarization: the consequences of declining contact and cooperation rates. Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 117, 332\u2013339 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. Pol. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"11018_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-02197-0","volume":"51","author":"BM King","year":"2022","unstructured":"King, B.M. The influence of social desirability on sexual behavior surveys: a review. Arch. Sex. Behav. 51, 1495\u20131501 (2022).","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"11018_CR46","unstructured":"O*NET OnLine. https:\/\/www.onetonline.org\/ (US Department of Labor, 2022)."},{"key":"11018_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.49.1.65","volume":"49","author":"TF Pettigrew","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pettigrew, T. F. Intergroup contact theory. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 49, 65\u201385 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"11018_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550618759326","volume":"9","author":"ED Knowles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knowles, E. D. & Tropp, L. R. The racial and economic context of Trump support: Evidence for threat, identity, and contact effects in the 2016 presidential election. Soc. Psychol. Person. Sci. 9, 275\u2013284 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Person. Sci."},{"key":"11018_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blee, K. M. & Creasap, K. A. Conservative and right-wing movements. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 36, 269\u2013286 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102602 (2010).","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.012809.102602"},{"key":"11018_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121956629","volume":"44","author":"R Blazak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blazak, R. White boys to terrorist men: target recruitment of Nazi skinheads. Am. Behav. Sci. 44, 982\u20131000 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"11018_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1177\/1097184X17706401","volume":"22","author":"D Ging","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ging, D. Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men Mascul. 22, 638\u2013657 (2019).","journal-title":"Men Mascul."},{"key":"11018_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05161-8","volume":"12","author":"L Coufal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coufal, L. & Wedel, L. Radicalization within a network of misogynist extremists: a case study of an incel forum. Humani. Soc. Sci. Commun. 12, 852 (2025).","journal-title":"Humani. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"11018_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copland, S. in Global Perspectives on Anti-Feminism: Far-Right and Religious Attacks on Equality and Diversity (eds Goetz, J. & Mayer, S.) 116\u2013136 (Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2023).","DOI":"10.1515\/9781399505413-008"},{"key":"11018_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2307\/2983411","volume":"158","author":"H Goldstein","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goldstein, H. & Healy, M. J. R. The graphical presentation of a collection of means. J. R. Stat. Soc. A 158, 175\u2013177 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. A"},{"key":"11018_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalmoe, N. P. & Mason, L. Radical American Partisanship: Mapping Violent Hostility, Its Causes, and the Consequences for Democracy (Univ. Chicago Press, 2022).","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226820279.001.0001"},{"key":"11018_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00279","volume":"4","author":"R Brotherton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brotherton, R., French, C. C. & Pickering, A. D. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Front. Psychol. 4, 279 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"11018_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167299025004008","volume":"25","author":"JK Swim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Swim, J. K. & Miller, D. L. White guilt: its antecedents and consequences for attitudes toward affirmative action. Person. Soc. Psychol. Bul. 25, 500\u2013514 (1999).","journal-title":"Person. Soc. Psychol. Bul."},{"key":"11018_CR58","unstructured":"Kinder, D. R. & Sanders, L. M. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Univ. Chicago Press, 1996)."},{"key":"11018_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dennison, J. & Kustov, A. Public belief in the \u201cGreat Replacement Theory\u201d. Intl Migr. Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01979183251343877 (2025).","DOI":"10.1177\/01979183251343877"},{"key":"11018_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381612000904","volume":"75","author":"M Tesler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tesler, M. The return of old-fashioned racism to white Americans\u2019 partisan preferences in the early Obama era. J. Pol. 75, 110\u2013123 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pol."},{"key":"11018_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2018.57","volume":"27","author":"RM Alvarez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alvarez, R. M., Atkeson, L. R., Levin, I. & Li, Y. Paying attention to inattentive survey respondents. Pol. Anal. 27, 145\u2013162 (2019).","journal-title":"Pol. Anal."},{"key":"11018_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2022.28","volume":"31","author":"SJ Hill","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hill, S. J. & Roberts, M. E. Acquiescence bias inflates estimates of conspiratorial beliefs and political misperceptions. Pol. Anal. 31, 575\u2013590 (2023).","journal-title":"Pol. Anal."},{"key":"11018_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0801_1","volume":"8","author":"J Decoster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Decoster, J. & Claypool, H. M. A meta-analysis of priming effects on impression formation supporting a general model of informational biases. Person. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 8, 2\u201327 (2004).","journal-title":"Person. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"11018_CR64","first-page":"259","volume":"1","author":"D Lakens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lakens, D., Scheel, A. M. & Isager, P. M. Equivalence testing for psychological research: a tutorial. Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci. 1, 259\u2013269 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"11018_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","volume":"90","author":"RE Kass","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kass, R. E. & Raftery, A. E. Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 90, 773\u2013795 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"11018_CR66","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (v.4.6.1) (2026)."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11018-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11018-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11018-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:13:43Z","timestamp":1790583223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11018-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8133","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}},"alternative-id":["11018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-11018-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}