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Nonetheless, the cells\u2019 classification has remained uncertain, complicating our ability to understand the basis for their evolutionary conservation. Whereas many \u03b3\u03b4 T cells display hallmarks of adaptive immunity, others, including those in barrier tissues, make rapid, reportedly T cell receptor-independent responses that phenocopy innate immune cells\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here we address this paradox and show that the phenotypes of tissue-intrinsic \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, including their rapid, innate-like responsiveness to tissue stress and carcinogenesis, acutely depend on the \u03b3\u03b4 T cell receptor (TCR\u03b3\u03b4). Those dependencies emphasize the unique biology of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and of the immunosurveillance modalities they mediate, with their clinical deployment evidently requiring environments conducive to TCR\u03b3\u03b4 signalling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-11076-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:04:18Z","timestamp":1790780658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u03b3\u03b4 T cell receptor dependencies define a unique immunosurveillance modality"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Veland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethania","family":"Garcia-Cassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Zarco-Cuadrillero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Mavrigiannaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambra","family":"Natalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Eum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Suarez-Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7287-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Vantourout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan R.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2460-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannik","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana V.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anett","family":"Jandke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0012-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Ejarque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3690-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Strid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9495-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian C.","family":"Hayday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"11076_CR1","unstructured":"Hayday, A. 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