{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:35:33Z","timestamp":1793205333396,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8138","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-11107-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1791385408000},"page":"1208-1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Jurassic mammaliaform swimmer and transformation of the mammalian pharynx"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"658","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-2872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. I.","family":"Neander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3744-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.-F.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3164-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.-X.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"11107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., R. L. Cifelli, & Z.-X. Luo. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure (Columbia Univ. Press, 2004).","DOI":"10.7312\/kiel11918"},{"key":"11107_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06277","volume":"450","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. Transformation and diversification in the early mammalian evolution. Nature 450, 1011\u20131019 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11107_CR3","unstructured":"Martin, T. in Handbook of Zoology, Mammalia, Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics (eds Zachos, F. E. & Asher, R. J.) 199\u2013299 (De Gruyter, 2018)."},{"key":"11107_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25310","volume":"307","author":"PJ Bishop","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bishop, P. J. & Pierce, S. E. The fossil record of appendicular muscle evolution in Synapsida on the line to mammals: part II\u2014hindlimb. Anat. Record 307, 1826\u20131896 (2023).","journal-title":"Anat. Record"},{"key":"11107_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X., & Manley, G. A. in The Senses\u2014A Comprehensive Reference 2nd edn, Vol. 2 (eds Fritzsch, B. & Grothe, B.) Ch. 2, 207\u2013252 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-805408-6.00033-6 (Elsevier Academic Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805408-6.00033-6"},{"key":"11107_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07971-3","volume":"634","author":"JRG Rawson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rawson, J. R. G. et al. Brazilian fossils reveal homoplasy in the oldest mammalian jaw joint. Nature 634, 381\u2013388 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11107_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14094","volume":"74","author":"DM Grossnickle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grossnickle, D. M. et al. Incomplete convergence of gliding-mammal skeletons. Evolution 74, 2662\u20132680 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evo.14094 (2020).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"11107_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau9345","volume":"365","author":"C-F Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, C.-F., Bhullar, B.-A. S., Neander, A. I., Martin, T. & Luo, Z.-X. New Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones. Science 365, 276\u2013279 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11107_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23476","volume":"548","author":"Q-J Meng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meng, Q.-J. et al. New gliding mammaliaforms from the Jurassic. Nature 548, 291\u2013296 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11107_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260879","volume":"347","author":"Q-J Meng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng, Q.-J. et al. An arboreal docodont from the Jurassic and mammaliaform ecological diversification. Science 347, 764\u2013768 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11107_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2005.00187.x","volume":"145","author":"T Martin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martin, T. Postcranial anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Mammalia, Docodonta) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Portugal and its bearing for mammalian evolution. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 145, 219\u2013248 (2005).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"11107_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260880","volume":"347","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. et al. Evolutionary development in basal mammaliaforms as revealed by a docodontan. Science 347, 760\u2013764 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11107_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123026","volume":"311","author":"Q Ji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ji, Q., Luo, Z.-X., Yuan, C.-X. & Tabrum, A. R. A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals. Science 311, 1123\u20131127 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11107_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102744","volume":"24","author":"J Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia, J., Anderson, J. S. & Gao, K.-Q. Middle Jurassic stem hynobiid from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders. iScience 24, 102744 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102744 (2021).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"11107_CR15","unstructured":"Huang, D. Y. et al. in The Daohugou Biota (ed. Huang, D. Y.) Ch. 3, 37\u201370 (Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2016)."},{"key":"11107_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07733-1","volume":"632","author":"E Panciroli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panciroli, E. et al. Jurassic fossil juvenile reveals prolonged life history in early mammals. Nature 632, 815\u201322 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11107_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2992\/0145-9058","volume":"39","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. & Martin, T. Analysis of molar structure and phylogeny of docodontan genera. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 39, 27\u201347 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2992\/0145-9058 (2007).","journal-title":"Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"11107_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2024.105836","volume":"158","author":"AO Averianov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Averianov, A. O. et al. Docodontans from the Lower Cretaceous of Yakutia, Russia: new insights into diversity, morphology, and phylogeny of Docodonta. Cretaceous Res. 158, 105836 (2024).","journal-title":"Cretaceous Res."},{"key":"11107_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70022","DOI":"10.1002\/spp2.70022","volume":"11","author":"S Patroc\u00ednio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patroc\u00ednio, S. et al. The oldest definitive docodontan from central East Greenland sheds light on the origin of the clade. Pap. Palaeontol. 11, e70022 (2025).","journal-title":"Pap. Palaeontol."},{"key":"11107_CR20","unstructured":"Butler, P. M. Docodont molars as tribosphenic analogues (Mammalia, Jurassic). In Teeth Revisited: Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Dental Morphology. M\u00e9moires du Mus\u00e9um National d\u00b4Histoire Naturelle (eds Russell, D. E. et al.) C53, 329\u2013340 (Mus\u00e9um national d\u00b4Histoire naturelle, Paris, France, 1988)."},{"key":"11107_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06221","volume":"450","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X., Ji, Q. & Yuan, C.-X. Convergent dental evolution in pseudotribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals. Nature 450, 93\u201397 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11107_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07258-7","volume":"628","author":"F-Y Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao, F.-Y. et al. Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms. Nature 628, 569\u2013575 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07258-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"11107_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones, M. E. Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. Proc. R. Soc. B 290, 20230644 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2023.0644 (2023).","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.0644"},{"key":"11107_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[541:TCMATI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"27","author":"CM Orr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orr, C. M., Delezene, L. K., Scott, J. E., Tocheri, M. W. & Schwartz, G. T. The comparative method and the inference of venom-delivery systems in fossil mammals. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 27, 541\u2013546 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"11107_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-017-9418-5","volume":"26","author":"JA Schultz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schultz, J. A., Bhullar, B. A. S. & Luo, Z.-X. Re-examination of the Jurassic mammaliaform Docodon victor by computed tomography and occlusal functional analysis. J. Mamm. Evol. 26, 9\u201338 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Mamm. Evol."},{"key":"11107_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlab039","volume":"194","author":"DM Grossnickle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grossnickle, D. M., Weaver, L. N., J\u00e4ger, K. R. K. & Schultz, J. A. The evolution of anteriorly directed molar occlusion in mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 194, 349\u2013365 (2022).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"11107_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220548","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0548","volume":"378","author":"KT Stilson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stilson, K. T., Luo, Z.-X., Li, P., Olson, S. & Ross, C. F. Three-dimensional mandibular kinematics of mastication in the marsupial Didelphis virginiana. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 378, 20220548 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0548 (2023).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"11107_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, K. D. The Beginning of Age of Mammals (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2006).","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801884726"},{"key":"11107_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-012-1253-9","volume":"36","author":"DP Hocking","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hocking, D. P., Evans, A. R. & Fitzgerald, E. M. G. Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) use suction and filter feeding when hunting small prey underwater. Polar Biol. 36, 211\u2013222 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-012-1253-9 (2013).","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"11107_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302","volume":"42","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. Developmental patterns in Mesozoic evolution of mammal ears. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42, 355\u201380 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"11107_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allin, E. F. & Hopson, J. A. in The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing (eds Webster, D. B. et al.) 587\u2013614 (Springer, 1992).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"11107_CR32","unstructured":"Evans, H. E. & De Lahunta, A. Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog 4th edn (Elsevier-Saunders, 2013)."},{"key":"11107_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2021.103094","volume":"162","author":"P Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, P., Ross, C. F. & Luo, Z.-X. Morphological disparity and evolutionary transformations in the primate hyoid apparatus. J. Hum. Evol. 162, 103094 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2021.103094 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"11107_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9339-z","volume":"26","author":"RZ German","year":"2011","unstructured":"German, R. Z. et al. The concept of hyoid posture. Dysphagia 26, 97\u201398 (2011).","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"11107_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220552","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0552","volume":"378","author":"P Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, P., Ross, C. F., Luo, Z.-X. & Gidmark, N. J. Head posture impacts mammalian hyoid position and suprahyoid muscle length: implication for swallowing biomechanics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 378, 20220552 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0552 (2023).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"11107_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaf016","volume":"65","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, P. et al. Diverse tongue base retraction strategies drive bolus propulsion during mammalian swallowing. Integr. Comp. Biol. 65, 1416\u20131436 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icaf016 (2025).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"11107_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220554","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0554","volume":"378","author":"CJ Mayerl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayerl, C. J. & German, R. Z. Evolution, diversification and function of the maternal\u2013infant dyad in mammalian feeding. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 378, 20220554 (2023).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"11107_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiiemae, K. M. & Crompton A. W. in Functional Vertebrate Morphology (eds Hildebrand, M. et al.) 262\u2013290 (Belknap, 1985).","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c14"},{"key":"11107_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1992.tb00926.x","volume":"104","author":"KK Smith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smith, K. K. The evolution of the mammalian pharynx. Zool.l J. Linn. Soc. 104, 313\u2013349 (1992).","journal-title":"Zool.l J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"11107_CR40","first-page":"39","volume":"28","author":"JA Lillegraven","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lillegraven, J. A. & Krusat, G. Cranio-mandibular anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Docodonta; Mammalia) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and its implications to the evolution of mammalian characters. Rocky Mountains Geol. 28, 39\u2013138 (1991).","journal-title":"Rocky Mountains Geol."},{"key":"11107_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2007)27[442:OCMETF]2.0.CO;2","volume":"27","author":"AG Martinelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Martinelli, A. G. & Rougier, G. W. On Chaliminia musteloides (Eucynodontia: Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of Argentina, and a phylogeny of Ictidosauria. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 27, 442\u2013460 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"11107_CR42","unstructured":"Crompton, A. W., Musinsky, C, Bonaparte, J. F., Bhullar B.-A. & Owerkowicz, T. Evolution of the Mammalian Fauces Region and the Origin of Suckling https:\/\/nrs.harvard.edu\/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37364482 (Harvard, 2018)."},{"key":"11107_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s12549-025-00683-0","volume":"105","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X., Zhou, C.-F., Li, P. & Neander, A. I. Cranial and middle ear structures of Early Cretaceous mammal Origolestes (Spalacotherioidea, Trechnotheria, Mammalia). Palaeobiodivers. Palaeoenviron. 105, 883\u2013915 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12549-025-00683-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Palaeobiodivers. Palaeoenviron."},{"key":"11107_CR44","first-page":"5","volume":"25","author":"Z Kielan-Jaworowska","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. Skull structure and affinities of the Multituberculata. Palaeontol. Pol. 25, 5\u201341 (1971).","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"11107_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0090","volume":"247","author":"JR Wible","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wible, J. R. & Rougier, G. W. Cranial anatomy of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi (Multituberculata, Mammalia) from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous, and its bearing on the evolution of mammalian characters. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 247, 1\u2013124 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1206\/0003-0090 (2000).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"11107_CR46","unstructured":"Barghusen, H. R. in The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles (eds Hotton, N. III et al.) 253\u2013262 (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986)."},{"key":"11107_CR47","unstructured":"Diogo, R. & Powell, V. in Heads, Jaws, and Muscles, Fascinating Life Sciences (eds Ziermann, J. M. et al.) 253\u2013293 (Springer Nature, 2012)."},{"key":"11107_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15298\/rusjtheriol.01.1.01","volume":"1","author":"PP Gambaryan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gambaryan, P. P., Aristov, A. A., Dixon, J. M. & Zubtsova, G. Y. Perculiarities of the hind limb musculature in monotremes: an anatomical description and functional approach. Russ. J. Theriol. 1, 1\u201336 (2002).","journal-title":"Russ. J. Theriol."},{"key":"11107_CR49","unstructured":"Howell, A. B. Aquatic Mammals (Charles C. Thomas, 1930)."},{"key":"11107_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1515\/vzoo-2016-0040","volume":"50","author":"IA Koretsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G. & Rahmat, S. J. Re-evaluation of morphological characters questions current views of pinniped origins. Vestn. Zool. 50, 327\u2013354 (2016).","journal-title":"Vestn. Zool."},{"key":"11107_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab021","volume":"61","author":"FE Fish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fish, F. E., Rybczynski, N., Lauder, G. V. & Duff, C. M. The role of the tail or lack thereof in the evolution of tetrapod aquatic propulsion. Integr. Comp. Biol. 61, 398\u2013413 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icab021 (2021).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"11107_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300019850","volume":"23","author":"JGM Thewissen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thewissen, J. G. M. & Fish, F. E. Locomotor evolution in the earliest cetaceans: functional model, modern analogues, and paleontological evidence. Paleobiology 23, 482\u2013490 (1997).","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"11107_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1134\/S003103012304010X","volume":"57","author":"AG Sennikov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sennikov, A. G. Some morphofunctional features of the tail of early archosaurs related to swimming adaptations. Paleontolog. J. 57, 432\u2013451 (2023).","journal-title":"Paleontolog. J."},{"key":"11107_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18261\/8200376508-1994-01","volume":"36","author":"Z Kielan-Jaworowska","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Gambaryan, P. P. Postcranial anatomy and habits of Asian multituberculate mammals. Fossils Strata 36, 1\u201392 (1994).","journal-title":"Fossils Strata"},{"key":"11107_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1127\/pala\/273\/2005\/55","volume":"273","author":"KD Rose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rose, K. D. & von Koenigswald, W. An exceptionally complete skeleton of Palaeosinopa (Mammalia, Cimolesta, Pantolestidae) from the Green River Formation, and other postcranial elements of the Pantolestidae from the Eocene of Wyoming (USA). Palaeontograph. A 273, 55\u201396 (2005).","journal-title":"Palaeontograph. A"},{"key":"11107_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2413569122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2413569122","volume":"122","author":"SJ Hand","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hand, S. J. et al. Bone microstructure supports a Mesozoic origin for an amphibious lifestyle in monotremes (Mammalia). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2413569122 (2025).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"11107_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904649106","volume":"106","author":"MJ Phillips","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee, M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089\u201317094 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"11107_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hood, G. A. Semi-aquatic Mammals: Ecology and Biology (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2020).","DOI":"10.1353\/book.78278"},{"key":"11107_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-006-9017-3","volume":"14","author":"N Rybczynski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rybczynski, N. Castorid phylogenetics: implications for the evolution of swimming and tree-exploitation in beavers. J. Mamm. Evol. 14, 1\u201335 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10914-006-9017-3 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mamm. Evol."},{"key":"11107_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syx047","volume":"67","author":"CJ Law","year":"2018","unstructured":"Law, C. J., Slater, G. J. & Mehta, R. S. Lineage diversity and size disparity in Musteloidea: testing patterns of adaptive radiation using molecular and fossil-based methods. Syst. Biol. 67, 127\u2013144 (2018).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"11107_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1997.10010988","volume":"17","author":"PM Butler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Butler, P. M. An alternative hypothesis on the origin of docodont molar teeth. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 17, 435\u2013439 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"11107_CR62","first-page":"135","volume":"324","author":"D Sigogneau-Russell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Godefroite, P. A primitive docodont (Mammalia) from the Upper Triassic of France and the possible therian affinities of the order. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. 324, 135\u2013140 (1997).","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci."},{"key":"11107_CR63","unstructured":"Brinkk\u00f6tter, J. J. Molar Dentition of the Docodontan Haldanodon (Mammaliaformes) as Functional Analog to Tribosphenic Teeth. PhD thesis, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn https:\/\/nbn-resolving.org\/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-54872 (2018)."},{"key":"11107_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.31610\/trudyzin\/2010.314.2.121","volume":"314","author":"AO Averianov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Averianov, A. O., Lopatin, A. V., Krasnolutskii, S. A. & Ivantsov, S. V. New docodontans from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia and reanalysis of Docodonta interrelationships. Proc. Zool. Inst. Russ. Acad. Sci. 314, 121\u2013148 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Zool. Inst. Russ. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"11107_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1621884","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2019.1621884","volume":"39","author":"E Panciroli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panciroli, E., Benson, R. B. J. & Luo, Z.-X. The mandible and dentition of Borealestes serendipitus (Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 39, e1621884 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"key":"11107_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlaa144","volume":"192","author":"E Panciroli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panciroli, E. et al. New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliaformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 192, 1323\u20131362 (2021).","journal-title":"Zool. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"11107_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-023-09682-4","volume":"30","author":"AO Averianov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Averianov, A. O., Lopatin, A. V. & Leshchinskiy, S. V. New interpretation of dentition in Early Cretaceous docodontan Sibirotherium based on microcomputed tomography. J. Mamm. Evol. 30, 811\u2013817 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10914-023-09682-4 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mamm. Evol."},{"key":"11107_CR68","unstructured":"Swofford, D. L. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods) v.4.0b10a (Sinauer Associates, 2003)."},{"key":"11107_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12160","volume":"32","author":"PA Goloboff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goloboff, P. A. & Catalano, S. A. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32, 221\u2013238 (2016).","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"11107_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","volume":"61","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ronquist, F. et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539\u2013542 (2012).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11107-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11107-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11107-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:45:13Z","timestamp":1793202313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-026-11107-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8138","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]]}},"alternative-id":["11107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-11107-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}