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Yet the mechanisms by which HbF expression is activated remain incompletely understood\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here we conduct a large multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of HbF levels in 28,279 individuals that identifies 91 conditionally independent associations across 12 genomic regions. In one previously uncharacterized associated region, the high-HbF-linked causal variant rs1010474-C reduces BACH2 expression and elevates HbF levels. Direct perturbation or inhibition of BACH2 likewise increases HbF expression. Mechanistically, BACH2 restrains activation of the HbF-encoding \u03b3-globin genes, while loss of BACH2 enhances NRF2 chromatin occupancy and promotes the formation of activation foci at the \u03b3-globin genes. Although BACH2 and NRF2 binding motifs in the \u03b3-globin promoters overlap, they can be selectively edited to activate or repress \u03b3-globin, respectively, and do so independently of BCL11A. These findings illustrate how human genetic variation continues to advance our understanding of therapeutically relevant regulatory mechanisms underlying HbF expression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-11113-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:04:16Z","timestamp":1790780656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human genetics implicates a BACH2\u2013NRF2 axis in fetal haemoglobin activation"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Chun-Jie","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma 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