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The open-label TransEuro trial (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01898390\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT01898390<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ) was designed to determine whether this approach could be further developed into a clinically useful treatment. Owing to poor availability of human fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue, only 11 individuals were grafted at two centers using the same tissue preparation protocol but different implantation devices. No overall clinical effect was seen for the primary endpoint 3 years after grafting. No major graft-induced dyskinesias were seen, but we observed differences in outcome related to transplant device and\/or site. Mean dopamine uptake improved at 18 months in seven individuals according to [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]fluorodopa positron emission tomography imaging but was restored to near-normal levels in only one individual. Our findings highlight the need for a stem cell source of dopamine neurons for potential Parkinson\u2019s disease cell therapy and provide critical insights into how such clinical studies should be approached.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-025-02567-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1746169438000},"page":"70-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The TransEuro open-label trial of human fetal ventral mesencephalic transplantation in patients with moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger 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