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We performed multi-ancestry genetic analyses on ~800,000 women, identifying 1,080 signals for age at menarche. Collectively, these explained 11% of trait variance in an independent sample. Women at the top and bottom 1% of polygenic risk exhibited ~11 and ~14-fold higher risks of delayed and precocious puberty, respectively. We identified several genes harboring rare loss-of-function variants in ~200,000 women, including variants in\n                    <jats:italic>ZNF483<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which abolished the impact of polygenic risk. Variant-to-gene mapping approaches and mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron RNA sequencing implicated 665 genes, including an uncharacterized G-protein-coupled receptor,\n                    <jats:italic>GPR83<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which amplified the signaling of\n                    <jats:italic>MC3R<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a key nutritional sensor. 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We also highlight body size-dependent and independent mechanisms that potentially link reproductive timing to later life disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01798-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T06:04:54Z","timestamp":1719813894000},"page":"1397-1411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Understanding the genetic complexity of puberty timing across the allele frequency spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Kentistou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena 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