{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:11:11Z","timestamp":1788891071125,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AG048927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AG048927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-AG058654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-AG058654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-AG062602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-AG062602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19-AG068753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AG068753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-AG072577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-AG072577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AG080810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AG080810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-AG082665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-AG082665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-GM150533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM150533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-026-02722-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:04:03Z","timestamp":1787821443000},"page":"2141-2151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A multiancestry polygenic risk score for Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks in diverse populations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Nuzulul","family":"Kurniansyah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3656-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinya","family":"Tasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habbibur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Sherva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1509-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Hauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria C.","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Panizzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Michael","family":"Gaziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6454-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungsoo","family":"Gim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4144-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwansik","family":"Nho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Vialle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2522-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubhabrata","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily H.","family":"Trittschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Brickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cruchaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Risacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas N.","family":"Greve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9729-6519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William S.","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mayeux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Pericak-Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Logue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa L.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Saykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3377-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Hohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-San","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard D.","family":"Schellenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting Fang Alvin","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhoda","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1438-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9268-810X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Lunetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8237-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5533-4225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Farrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809","volume":"20","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 3708\u20133821 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53548-z","volume":"15","author":"JM Roe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roe, J. M. et al. Brain change trajectories in healthy adults correlate with Alzheimer\u2019s related genetic variation and memory decline across life. Nat. Commun. 15, 10651 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443","volume":"261","author":"EH Corder","year":"1993","unstructured":"Corder, E. H. et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in late onset families. Science 261, 921\u2013923 (1993).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550160069041","volume":"278","author":"LA Farrer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Farrer, L. A. et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 278, 1349\u20131356 (1997).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0358-2","volume":"51","author":"BW Kunkle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kunkle, B. W. et al. Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease identifies new risk loci and implicates A\u03b2, tau, immunity and lipid processing. Nat. Genet. 51, 414\u2013430 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z","volume":"54","author":"C Bellenguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellenguez, C. et al. New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias. Nat. Genet. 54, 412\u2013436 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01890-3","volume":"28","author":"R Sherva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sherva, R. et al. African ancestry GWAS of dementia in a large military cohort identifies significant risk loci. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 1293\u20131302 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8246","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14128","volume":"20","author":"M Kang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang, M. et al. Whole-genome sequencing study in Koreans identifies novel loci for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 8246\u20138262 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3536","volume":"78","author":"BW Kunkle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kunkle, B. W. et al. Novel Alzheimer disease risk loci and pathways in African American individuals using the African Genome Resources Panel: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 78, 102\u2013113 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"2722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0353-1","volume":"15","author":"SW Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, S. W., Mak, T. S.-H. & O\u2019Reilly, P. F. Tutorial: a guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses. Nat. Protoc. 15, 2759\u20132772 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01298-3","volume":"15","author":"T Sofer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sofer, T. et al. A polygenic risk score for Alzheimer\u2019s disease constructed using APOE-region variants has stronger association than APOE alleles with mild cognitive impairment in Hispanic\/Latino adults in the U.S. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 15, 146 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220025","volume":"89","author":"K Clark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clark, K., Leung, Y. Y., Lee, W.-P., Voight, B. & Wang, L.-S. Polygenic risk scores in Alzheimer\u2019s disease genetics: methodology, applications, inclusion, and diversity. J. Alzheimers Dis. 89, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02227-w","volume":"57","author":"A Nicolas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nicolas, A. et al. Transferability of European-derived Alzheimer\u2019s disease polygenic risk scores across multiancestry populations. Nat. Genet. 57, 1598\u20131610 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26131","volume":"90","author":"S Sariya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sariya, S. et al. Polygenic risk score for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Caribbean Hispanics. Ann. Neurol. 90, 366\u2013376 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"2722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01272-3","volume":"11","author":"D Shigemizu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shigemizu, D. et al. Ethnic and trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies identify new loci influencing Japanese Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk. Transl. Psychiatry 11, 151 (2021).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01664-9","volume":"17","author":"E Bellou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bellou, E. et al. Benchmarking Alzheimer\u2019s disease prediction: personalised risk assessment using polygenic risk scores across various methodologies and genome-wide studies. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 17, 6 (2025).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2247162","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.47162","volume":"5","author":"S-H Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung, S.-H. et al. Transferability of Alzheimer disease polygenic risk score across populations and its association with Alzheimer disease-related phenotypes.JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2247162 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43132-2","volume":"14","author":"H-S Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, H.-S. et al. Cell-type-specific Alzheimer\u2019s disease polygenic risk scores are associated with distinct disease processes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 14, 7659 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0595-1","volume":"45","author":"HL Chandler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chandler, H. L., Hodgetts, C. J., Caseras, X., Murphy, K. & Lancaster, T. M. Polygenic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease shapes hippocampal scene-selectivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 45, 1171\u20131178 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00699","volume":"12","author":"S Tasaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tasaki, S., Gaiteri, C., Mostafavi, S., De Jager, P. L. & Bennett, D. A. The molecular and neuropathological consequences of genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Front. Neurosci. 12, 699 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9879","volume":"322","author":"I Lourida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lourida, I. et al. Association of lifestyle and genetic risk with incidence of dementia. JAMA 322, 430\u2013437 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36544-7","volume":"14","author":"J Miao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miao, J. et al. Quantifying portable genetic effects and improving cross-ancestry genetic prediction with GWAS summary statistics. Nat. Commun. 14, 832 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15464-w","volume":"11","author":"D Marnetto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marnetto, D. et al. Ancestry deconvolution and partial polygenic score can improve susceptibility predictions in recently admixed individuals. Nat. Commun. 11, 1628 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48376","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48376","volume":"9","author":"H Mostafavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mostafavi, H. et al. Variable prediction accuracy of polygenic scores within an ancestry group. eLife 9, e48376 (2020).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x","volume":"51","author":"AR Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin, A. R. et al. Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities. Nat. Genet. 51, 584\u2013591 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11112-0","volume":"10","author":"L Duncan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duncan, L. et al. Analysis of polygenic risk score usage and performance in diverse human populations. Nat. Commun. 10, 3328 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR27","first-page":"100184","volume":"4","author":"L Majara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Majara, L. et al. Low and differential polygenic score generalizability among African populations due largely to genetic diversity. HGG Adv. 4, 100184 (2023).","journal-title":"HGG Adv."},{"key":"2722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00962-4","volume":"14","author":"ME Belloy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belloy, M. E. et al. Challenges at the APOE locus: a robust quality control approach for accurate APOE genotyping. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 14, 22 (2022).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000172914.08967.dc","volume":"65","author":"JA Luchsinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luchsinger, J. A. et al. Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 65, 545\u2013551 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007791","volume":"14","author":"F Rajabli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajabli, F. et al. Ancestral origin of APOE \u03b54 Alzheimer disease risk in Puerto Rican and African American populations. PLoS Genet. 14, e1007791 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081236","volume":"8","author":"KY Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi, K. Y. et al. APOE promoter polymorphism \u2212219T\/G is an effect modifier of the influence of APOE \u03b54 on Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk in a multiracial sample. J. Clin. Med. 8, 1236 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"2722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009482","volume":"17","author":"S Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, S. et al. Novel variance-component TWAS method for studying complex human diseases with applications to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. PLoS Genet. 17, e1009482 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"glad237","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad237","volume":"79","author":"JM Aravena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aravena, J. M. et al. Beneficial effect of societal factors on APOE-\u03b52 and \u03b54 carriers\u2019 brain health: a systematic review. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 79, glad237 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100687","volume":"3","author":"DS Ara\u00fajo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, D. S. & Wheeler, H. E. Genetic and environmental variation impact transferability of polygenic risk scores. Cell Rep. Med. 3, 100687 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"2722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01767-6","volume":"28","author":"L Hao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hao, L. et al. Development of a clinical polygenic risk score assay and reporting workflow. Nat. Med. 28, 1006\u20131013 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01033-1","volume":"8","author":"BE Spencer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spencer, B. E., Jennings, R. G., Fan, C. C. & Brewer, J. B. Assessment of genetic risk for improved clinical\u2013neuropathological correlations. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 8, 160 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR37","first-page":"e12190","volume":"13","author":"MR Campbell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campbell, M. R. et al. P-Tau\/A\u03b242 and A\u03b242\/40 ratios in CSF are equally predictive of amyloid PET status. Alzheimers Dement. 13, e12190 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215646","volume":"87","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pilotto, A. et al. Differences between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid p-tau181 and p-tau231 in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 87, 991\u2013997 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215639","volume":"87","author":"ER McGrath","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGrath, E. R. et al. Blood phosphorylated tau 181 as a biomarker for amyloid burden on brain PET in cognitively healthy adults. J. Alzheimers Dis. 87, 1517\u20131526 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2025.01055","volume":"19","author":"S Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, S., Yu, H. & Gao, J. The pTau217\/A\u03b21\u201342 plasma ratio: the first FDA-cleared blood biomarker test for diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Drug Discov. Ther. 19, 208\u2013209 (2025).","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12920","volume":"19","author":"E Vasiljevic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasiljevic, E. et al. Cognitive trajectories diverge by genetic risk in a preclinical longitudinal cohort. Alzheimers Dement. 19, 3108\u20133118 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00423","volume":"10","author":"T Porter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Porter, T. et al. A polygenic risk score derived from episodic memory weighted genetic variants is associated with cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 10, 423 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"2722_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00934-y","volume":"10","author":"K Kauppi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kauppi, K., R\u00f6nnlund, M., Nordin Adolfsson, A., Pudas, S. & Adolfsson, R. Effects of polygenic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease on rate of cognitive decline in normal aging. Transl. Psychiatry 10, 250 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2722_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0372-x","volume":"25","author":"SJ Ritchie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ritchie, S. J. et al. Polygenic predictors of age-related decline in cognitive ability. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 2584\u20132598 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2722_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00868-z","volume":"38","author":"X-L Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, X.-L., Wang, J., Wang, Y.-J. & Bu, X.-L. Combining multiple factors to predict Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Bull. 38, 969\u2013972 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"2722_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.110.957928","volume":"4","author":"CD Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson, C. D. et al. The effect of survival bias on case\u2013control genetic association studies of highly lethal diseases. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. 4, 188\u2013196 (2011).","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0208-4","volume":"44","author":"S Yagi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yagi, S. & Galea, L. A. M. Sex differences in hippocampal cognition and neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 44, 200\u2013213 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2722_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13507","volume":"20","author":"JM Eissman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eissman, J. M. et al. Sex-specific genetic architecture of late-life memory performance. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 1250\u20131267 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01121-5","volume":"15","author":"RNM Saleh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saleh, R. N. M., Hornberger, M., Ritchie, C. W. & Minihane, A. M. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (EPAD) cohort. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 15, 10 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13844","volume":"20","author":"EM Arenaza-Urquijo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M. et al. Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 5695\u20135719 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.02.968","volume":"91","author":"L Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, L., Zhong, M. B., Zhang, L., Zhang, B. & Cai, D. Sex differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from the multiomics landscape. Biol. Psychiatry 91, 61\u201371 (2022).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2722_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00315","volume":"11","author":"A Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman, A. et al. Sex and gender driven modifiers of Alzheimer\u2019s: the role for estrogenic control across age, race, medical, and lifestyle risks. Front. Aging Neurosci. 11, 315 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"2722_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13705","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Key variants via the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Sequencing Project whole genome sequence data. Alzheimers Dement. 20, 3290\u20133304 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2018.05.004","volume":"111","author":"AC Naj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naj, A. C. et al. Quality control and integration of genotypes from two calling pipelines for whole genome sequence data in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease sequencing project. Genomics 111, 808\u2013818 (2019).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"2722_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-025-03564-z","volume":"26","author":"F Rajabli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajabli, F. et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis of 56,241 individuals identifies known and novel cross-population and ancestry-specific associations as novel risk loci for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Genome Biol. 26, 210 (2025).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2722_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.12.012","volume":"13","author":"GR Jun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jun, G. R. et al. Transethnic genome-wide scan identifies novel Alzheimer\u2019s disease loci. Alzheimers Dement. 13, 727\u2013738 (2017).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2722_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.801","volume":"43","author":"AC Naj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naj, A. C. et al. Common variants at MS4A4\/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Genet. 43, 436\u2013441 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv337","volume":"44","author":"CW Tsao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsao, C. W. & Vasan, R. S. Cohort Profile: The Framingham Heart Study (FHS): overview of milestones in cardiovascular epidemiology. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44, 1800\u20131813 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2722_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.41.3.279","volume":"41","author":"TR Dawber","year":"1951","unstructured":"Dawber, T. R., Meadors, G. F. & Moore, F. E. Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am. J. Public Health Nations Health 41, 279\u2013281 (1951).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"2722_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504327","volume":"374","author":"CL Satizabal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Satizabal, C. L. et al. Incidence of dementia over three decades in the Framingham Heart Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 523\u2013532 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2722_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(75)90037-7","volume":"4","author":"M Feinleib","year":"1975","unstructured":"Feinleib, M., Kannel, W. B., Garrison, R. J., McNamara, P. M. & Castelli, W. P. The Framingham Offspring Study. Design and preliminary data. Prev. Med. 4, 518\u2013525 (1975).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"2722_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm021","volume":"165","author":"GL Splansky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Splansky, G. L. et al. The Third Generation Cohort of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute\u2019s Framingham Heart Study: design, recruitment, and initial examination. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165, 1328\u20131335 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2722_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179939","volume":"64","author":"DA Bennett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bennett, D. A. et al. Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. J. Alzheimers Dis. 64, S161\u2013S189 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2722_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2174\/156720512801322627","volume":"9","author":"LL Barnes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barnes, L. L., Shah, R. C., Aggarwal, N. T., Bennett, D. A. & Schneider, J. A. The Minority Aging Research Study: ongoing efforts to obtain brain donation in African Americans without dementia. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 9, 734\u2013745 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"2722_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1159\/000509626","volume":"54","author":"DX Marquez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marquez, D. X. et al. Representation of older Latinxs in cohort studies at the Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center. Neuroepidemiology 54, 404\u2013418 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2722_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1809937","volume":"381","author":"The All of Us Research Program Investigators.","year":"2019","unstructured":"The All of Us Research Program Investigators. The \u2018All of Us\u2019 Research Program. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 668\u2013676 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2722_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12870","volume":"19","author":"MW Logue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Logue, M. W. et al. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias among aging veterans: examining gene-by-environment interactions with post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Alzheimers Dement. 19, 2549\u20132559 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz567","volume":"35","author":"SM Gogarten","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gogarten, S. M. et al. Genetic association testing using the GENESIS R\/Bioconductor package. Bioinformatics 35, 5346\u20135348 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2722_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","volume":"613","author":"MI Kurki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurki, M. I. et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature 613, 508\u2013518 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2722_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz082","volume":"8","author":"SW Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi, S. W. & O\u2019Reilly, P. F. PRSice-2: polygenic risk score software for biobank-scale data. Gigascience 8, giz082 (2019).","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"2722_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31080-2","volume":"13","author":"N Kurniansyah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kurniansyah, N. et al. A multi-ethnic polygenic risk score is associated with hypertension prevalence and progression throughout adulthood. Nat. Commun. 13, 3549 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1029","volume":"36","author":"F Priv\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Priv\u00e9, F., Arbel, J. & Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, B. J. LDpred2: better, faster, stronger. Bioinformatics 36, 5424\u20135431 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2722_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2023.10.010","volume":"110","author":"F Priv\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Priv\u00e9, F., Albi\u00f1ana, C., Arbel, J., Pasaniuc, B. & Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, B. J. Inferring disease architecture and predictive ability with LDpred2-auto. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 110, 2042\u20132055 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","volume":"10","author":"T Ge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ge, T., Chen, C.-Y., Ni, Y., Feng, Y.-C. A. & Smoller, J. W. Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors. Nat. Commun. 10, 1776 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01054-7","volume":"54","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan, Y. et al. Improving polygenic prediction in ancestrally diverse populations. Nat. Genet. 54, 573\u2013580 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2722_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-288","volume":"11","author":"R M\u00e4gi","year":"2010","unstructured":"M\u00e4gi, R. & Morris, A. P. GWAMA: software for genome-wide association meta-analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 11, 288 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2722_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38990-9","volume":"14","author":"N Kurniansyah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurniansyah, N. et al. Evaluating the use of blood pressure polygenic risk scores across race\/ethnic background groups. Nat. Commun. 14, 3202 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2722_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105790","volume":"117","author":"N Kurniansyah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kurniansyah, N. et al. Polygenic scores for obstructive sleep apnoea reveal pathways contributing to cardiovascular disease. EBioMedicine 117, 105790 (2025).","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2722_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30053-X","volume":"17","author":"SJ van der Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Lee, S. J. et al. The effect of APOE and other common genetic variants on the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia: a community-based cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 17, 434\u2013444 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"2722_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.716","volume":"6","author":"G Leonenko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leonenko, G. et al. Polygenic risk and hazard scores for Alzheimer\u2019s disease prediction. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6, 456\u2013465 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"2722_CR81","first-page":"e12229","volume":"13","author":"JL Ebenau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebenau, J. L. et al. Risk of dementia in APOE \u03b54 carriers is mitigated by a polygenic risk score. Alzheimers Dement. 13, e12229 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e225491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.5491","volume":"5","author":"SC Zimmerman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zimmerman, S. C. et al. Association of genetic variants linked to late-onset Alzheimer disease with cognitive test performance by midlife. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e225491 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2722_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e462","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200544","volume":"99","author":"L Xicota","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xicota, L. et al. Association of APOE-independent Alzheimer disease polygenic risk score with brain amyloid deposition in asymptomatic older adults. Neurology 99, e462\u2013e475 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28057-6","volume":"13","author":"R Petrican","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petrican, R., Paine, A. L., Escott-Price, V. & Shelton, K. H. Overlapping brain correlates of superior cognition among children at genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and\/or major depressive disorder. Sci. Rep. 13, 984 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2722_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277378","volume":"17","author":"N Mukadam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mukadam, N., Giannakopoulou, O., Bass, N., Kuchenbaecker, K. & McQuillin, A. Genetic risk scores and dementia risk across different ethnic groups in UK Biobank. PLoS ONE 17, e0277378 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2722_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01184-y","volume":"15","author":"RE Green","year":"2023","unstructured":"Green, R. E. et al. Investigating associations between blood metabolites, later life brain imaging measures, and genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 15, 38 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02089-w","volume":"28","author":"J Lake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lake, J. et al. Multi-ancestry meta-analysis and fine-mapping in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 3121\u20133132 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2722_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02925-6","volume":"22","author":"J Tomassen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomassen, J. et al. Amyloid-\u03b2 and APOE genotype predict memory decline in cognitively unimpaired older individuals independently of Alzheimer\u2019s disease polygenic risk score. BMC Neurol. 22, 484 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"2722_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13378","volume":"19","author":"PM Sleiman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sleiman, P. M. et al. Trans-ethnic genomic informed risk assessment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an International Hundred K+ Cohorts Consortium study. Alzheimers Dement. 19, 5765\u20135772 (2023).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.11.009","volume":"101","author":"T Lawingco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lawingco, T. et al. Genetic variants in glutamate-, A\u03b2-, and tau-related pathways determine polygenic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 101, 299.e13\u2013299.e21 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"2722_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150749","volume":"53","author":"V Chouraki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chouraki, V. et al. Evaluation of a genetic risk score to improve risk prediction for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 53, 921\u2013932 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2722_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002258","volume":"14","author":"RS Desikan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Desikan, R. S. et al. Genetic assessment of age-associated Alzheimer disease risk: development and validation of a polygenic hazard score. PLoS Med. 14, e1002258 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2722_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003734","volume":"88","author":"G Tosto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tosto, G. et al. Polygenic risk scores in familial Alzheimer disease. Neurology 88, 1180\u20131186 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR94","first-page":"e12142","volume":"13","author":"J Najar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Najar, J. et al. Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer\u2019s disease are related to dementia risk in APOE \u025b4 negatives. Alzheimers Dement. 13, e12142 (2021).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106373","volume":"190","author":"J Timsina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timsina, J. et al. Harmonization of CSF and imaging biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers: need and practical applications for genetics studies and preclinical classification. Neurobiol. Dis. 190, 106373 (2024).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"2722_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1685-y","volume":"133","author":"Y Deming","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deming, Y. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies four novel loci associated with Alzheimer\u2019s endophenotypes and disease modifiers. Acta Neuropathol. 133, 839\u2013856 (2017).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2722_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14264","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14264","volume":"21","author":"LM Shaw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaw, L. M. et al. ADNI Biomarker Core: a review of progress since 2004 and future challenges. Alzheimers Dement. 21, e14264 (2025).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01513-9","volume":"16","author":"J Arranz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arranz, J. et al. Diagnostic performance of plasma pTau217, pTau181, A\u03b21\u201342 and A\u03b21\u201340 in the LUMIPULSE automated platform for the detection of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 16, 139 (2024).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"2722_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.4.479","volume":"41","author":"SS Mirra","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mirra, S. S. et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurology 41, 479\u2013486 (1991).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219668.47116.e6","volume":"66","author":"DA Bennett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bennett, D. A. et al. Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies. Neurology 66, 1837\u20131844 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","volume":"82","author":"H Braak","year":"1991","unstructured":"Braak, H. & Braak, E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82, 239\u2013259 (1991).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2722_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.10.007","volume":"8","author":"BT Hyman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hyman, B. T. et al. National Institute on Aging\u2013Alzheimer\u2019s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 8, 1\u201313 (2012).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"2722_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","volume":"58","author":"DR Thal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thal, D. R., R\u00fcb, U., Orantes, M. & Braak, H. Phases of A\u03b2-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 58, 1791\u20131800 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000835","volume":"37","author":"S Mukherjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mukherjee, S. et al. Cognitive domain harmonization and cocalibration in studies of older adults. Neuropsychology 37, 409\u2013423 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2722_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00633-4","volume":"18","author":"M Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang, M. et al. A genome-wide search for pleiotropy in more than 100,000 harmonized longitudinal cognitive domain scores. Mol. Neurodegener. 18, 40 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"2722_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000828","volume":"37","author":"P Scollard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scollard, P. et al. Ceiling effects and differential measurement precision across calibrated cognitive scores in the Framingham Study. Neuropsychology 37, 383\u2013397 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2722_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001935","volume":"85","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilson, R. S. et al. Temporal course and pathologic basis of unawareness of memory loss in dementia. Neurology 85, 984\u2013991 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2722_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","volume":"62","author":"B Fischl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischl, B. FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 62, 774\u2013781 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2722_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117129","volume":"220","author":"JC Beer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beer, J. C. et al. Longitudinal ComBat: a method for harmonizing longitudinal multi-scanner imaging data. Neuroimage 220, 117129 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2722_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174524","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/174524","volume":"2013","author":"A Vijayakumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vijayakumar, A. & Vijayakumar, A. Comparison of hippocampal volume in dementia subtypes. ISRN Radiol. 2013, 174524 (2013).","journal-title":"ISRN Radiol."},{"key":"2722_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","volume":"12","author":"X Robin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robin, X. et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12, 77 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2722_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2722_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. Modern Applied Statistics with S (Springer, 2002).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"2722_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yee, T. W. Vector Generalized Linear and Additive Models https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2818-7 (Springer New York, 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2818-7"},{"key":"2722_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J. R. & R\u00fccker, G. Meta-Analysis with R https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0 (Springer International Publishing, 2015).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0"},{"key":"2722_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781315370279 (Chapman and Hall\/CRC, 2017).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279"},{"key":"2722_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","volume":"3","author":"D L\u00fcdecke","year":"2018","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke, D. ggeffects: tidy data frames of marginal effects from regression models. J. Open Source Softw. 3, 772 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"2722_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurniansyah, N., Farrer, L. & Zhang, X. A multi-ancestry polygenic risk score for Alzheimer disease is associated with cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks in diverse populations. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.20818015 (2026).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.20818015"}],"container-title":["Nature Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41588-026-02722-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41588-026-02722-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41588-026-02722-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:03:20Z","timestamp":1788890600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41588-026-02722-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-026-02722-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4036","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"C.C. is a member of the scientific advisory board of Circular Genomics and owns stock and serves on the scientific advisory board of ADmit and Alamar. C.C. also consults for Sanofi, Novo Nordisk and Owkin and received research support from GSK, Danaher and EISAI. A.S. serves on advisory boards for Siemens Medical Solutions, Eisai Pharmaceuticals and Novo Nordisk, on a monitoring board and external advisory committees for the National Institutes of Health and as Editor-in-Chief for\n                      Brain Imaging and Behavior\n                      . A.S. also received equipment from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals and Gates Ventures and in-kind contribution of proteomics assays from Sanofi. T.H. serves as a consultant for Circular Genomics and on the editorial board of multiple journals, owns stock in Vivid Genomics and received travel support from the Alzheimer\u2019s Association. L.-S.W. received honoraria for several lectures. G.D.S. received an honorarium for serving on an external advisory board. R.A. received grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Data Initiative, Gates Ventures, American Heart Association and Chosun University; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Signant Health and GSK and equipment and materials from Eli Lilly\/Avid, Robert Thomas, OpenAI and Linus Health. J.M. received honoraria from the Concussion Legacy Foundation and Imperial College London. L.A.F. received support from National Institutes of Health grants and an honorarium for serving as a journal editor and is a scientific advisor for ALZAI Health. None of the other authors have conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}