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K.C.F. has served as a consultant for SetPoint Medical. P.-A.G. is the founder of Methodomics and its spin-off Big Data Sant\u00e9 (\u2018Octopize\u2019). He consults for pharmaceutical companies and start-ups, including AstraZeneca, Amgen, Biogen, Boston Scientific, Cemka, Cepton, Cook, Docaposte\/Heva, Edimark, Ellipses, Elsevier, Grunenthal, Hemovis, Janssen, IAGE, Lek, Merck, M\u00e9rieux, Novartis, Octopize, Sanofi Genzyme, Lifen, TuneInsight and Aspire UAE. He serves as a volunteer board member at AXA (not-for-profit mutual insurance company, 2021). He has no prescription activity with either drugs or devices. He receives no wages from these activities. T.O. has received lecture and advisory board honoraria from Merck, Novartis and Sanofi; unrestricted research grants from Merck, Novartis, Sanofi and Sandoz; and academic grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Brain Council, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and Margaretha af Ugglas Foundation. H.L.W. has served on advisory boards for Sanofi and Tiziana Life Sciences, holds stock in vTv Therapeutics and Tiziana Life Sciences and has received research support from Cure Alzheimer\u2019s Fund, NIH and National Multiple Sclerosis Society. I.K. has received lecture honoraria from Merck and research funding from Pfizer. J. Smolders has received consultancy and\/or lecture fees from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; his institution has received research funding from Biogen, Merck, Roche and Siemens Healthineers, all outside the submitted work. A.H. has received consultancy fees from Amgen, Biogen, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche; compensation for serving on a scientific advisory board for Amgen, Alexion and Roche; and research funding from Amgen and Roche, all unrelated to the present work. R.M. has received unrestricted grants from Biogen, Novartis, Roche and Third Rock and honoraries for advisory roles and lectures from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Genzyme, Neuway, CellProtect, Third Rock, Teva and Swiss Rockets. He is a patent holder and co-holder on patents of daclizumab in MS (held by the NIH); John Cunningham polyomavirus VP1 for vaccination against progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; John Cunningham polyomavirus-specific neutralizing antibodies to treat progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; and antigen-specific tolerization with peptide-coupled cells, novel autoantigens in MS and designer neoantigens for tumor vaccination (all held by the University of Zurich). He is a co-founder of Abata Therapeutics and co-founder and employee of Cellerys AG. F.Z. has received research grants and\/or consultation funds from Max Planck Society (MPG), Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, German Research Foundation (DFG), Hexal, Horizon, Janssen, Juvis\u00e9, Merck Serono, Novartis, Progressive MS Alliance, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme and Sandoz. N.P.R. has received grants for research held by his institution from Novartis, Genzyme and Sanofi and support for attendance and\/or honoraria from Merck, Novartis, Genzyme, Sanofi and Bayer. F.E. received consulting fees from Merck Serono and Genzyme. M. Filippi received compensation for consulting services from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; for speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and TEVA; for participation in advisory boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi Genzyme and Takeda; and for scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis and Sanofi Genzyme. He receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. J.L.-S. received travel compensation from Biogen, Merck and Novartis and has been involved in clinical trials with Biogen, Novartis and Roche. Her institution has received honoraria for talks and advisory board service from Biogen, Merck, Novartis and Roche. She is on the Board of Directors for MS Plus and MSA. S.L.H. currently serves on the scientific advisory boards of Accure, Alector and Hinge Bio and as an advisor for Neurona. He has also received non-financial support (travel reimbursement and writing support for anti-CD20-therapy-related meetings and presentations) from F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Novartis AG and has received no personal compensation from any entity that sells or tests therapeutics for MS. D.A.H. has received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi and Genentech. He has been a consultant for Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Repertoire, Bristol Myers Squibb, Compass Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Genentech, Juno Therapeutics, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Proclara Biosciences, Sage Therapeutics and Sanofi Genzyme. F.M.-B. received compensation for consulting services and\/or speaking activities from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck Serono, Biogen Idec, Roche, Medday and Excemed and received research support from Merck, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, the Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla and Fondazione Cariplo. L.A. has received lecture honoraria from Merck, Novartis and Teva. I.K. has received academic research grants from Horizon 2020 (MultipleMS 733161), Horizon Europe (WISDOM 101137154), Swedish Research Council and Swedish Brain Foundation during the conduct of the study. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. H.B.S. has received grants from NIH\/NINDS (R35NS111644), Valhalla Foundation and C.D. Spangler Foundation. L.A. has received grants from Swedish Research Council, grants from Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life and Welfare and grants from Swedish Brain Foundation. P.S. has received academic grants from DFG (number 523862973), the Swedish Research Council, the NEURO and Margaretha af Ugglas Foundation. All other authors declare no financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}