{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T22:29:37Z","timestamp":1788128977624,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]],"date-time":"2018-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0130-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,14]],"date-time":"2018-06-14T11:46:24Z","timestamp":1528976784000},"page":"685-695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Common ground: shared risk factors for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Elena F.","family":"Verdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne S.","family":"Danska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"130_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","volume":"299","author":"DP Strachan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Strachan, D. P. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. Br. Med. J. 299, 1259\u20131260 (1989).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"130_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020100","volume":"347","author":"JF Bach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bach, J. F. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 911\u2013920 (2002).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"130_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.04.001","volume":"19","author":"AJ Macpherson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Macpherson, A. J., Hapfelmeier, S. & McCoy, K. D. The armed truce between the intestinal microflora and host mucosal immunity. Semin. Immunol. 19, 57\u201358 (2007).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.11.011","volume":"43","author":"HJ McSorley","year":"2013","unstructured":"McSorley, H. J., Hewitson, J. P. & Maizels, R. M. Immunomodulation by helminth parasites: defining mechanisms and mediators. Int. J. Parasitol. 43, 301\u2013310 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"130_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0669","volume":"35","author":"G Imperatore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imperatore, G. et al. Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged 20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth. Diabetes Care 35, 2515\u20132520 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0433-5","volume":"13","author":"J Tuomilehto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tuomilehto, J. The emerging global epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 13, 795\u2013804 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"130_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Inshaw, J.R.J., Cutler, A.J., Burren, O.S., Stefana, M.I. & Todd, J.A. Approaches and advances in the genetic causes of autoimmune disease and their implications. Nat. Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-018-0129-8 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0129-8"},{"key":"130_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","volume":"16","author":"P Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh, P. et al. Global prevalence of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 823\u2013836 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"130_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.2337\/dcs15-2007","volume":"38","author":"J Gutierrez-Achury","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Achury, J. et al. Contrasting the genetic background of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease autoimmunity. Diabetes Care 38, S37\u2013S44 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06406","volume":"450","author":"S Nejentsev","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nejentsev, S. et al. Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A. Nature 450, 887\u2013892 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3245","volume":"47","author":"S Onengut-Gumuscu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Onengut-Gumuscu, S. et al. Fine mapping of type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci and evidence for colocalization of causal variants with lymphoid gene enhancers. Nat. Genet. 47, 381\u2013386 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"130_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a007732","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007732","volume":"2","author":"JA Noble","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noble, J. A. & Erlich, H. A. Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2, a007732 (2012).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"130_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3353","volume":"47","author":"X Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu, X. et al. Additive and interaction effects at three amino acid positions in HLA-DQ and HLA-DR molecules drive type 1 diabetes risk. Nat. Genet. 47, 898\u2013905 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"130_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.108530","volume":"56","author":"M Bourgey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bourgey, M. et al. HLA related genetic risk for coeliac disease. Gut 56, 1054\u20131059 (2007).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"130_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-2815.2004.00237.x","volume":"63","author":"P Margaritte-Jeannin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Margaritte-Jeannin, P. et al. HLA-DQ relative risks for coeliac disease in European populations: a study of the European Genetics Cluster on Coeliac Disease. Tissue Antigens 63, 562\u2013567 (2004).","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"130_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1305","volume":"140","author":"W Hagopian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagopian, W. et al. Co-occurrence of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease autoimmunity. Pediatrics 140, e20171305 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"130_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6285","volume":"309","author":"AG Ziegler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ziegler, A. G. et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 309, 2473\u20132479 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"130_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1952","volume":"63","author":"JW McGinty","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGinty, J. W. et al. Recognition of posttranslationally modified GAD65 epitopes in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 63, 3033\u20133040 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1031","volume":"65","author":"M Lummel van","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Lummel, M. et al. Discovery of a selective islet peptidome presented by the highest-risk HLA-DQ8trans molecule. Diabetes 65, 732\u2013741 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601570","volume":"199","author":"J Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Antigen-specific T cell analysis reveals that active immune responses to \u03b2 cell antigens are focused on a unique set of epitopes. J. Immunol. 199, 91\u201396 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16729","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113954108","volume":"108","author":"F Crawford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crawford, F. et al. Specificity and detection of insulin-reactive CD4+ T cells in type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 16729\u201316734 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6051","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6051","volume":"178","author":"MG Levisetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levisetti, M. G., Suri, A., Petzold, S. J. & Unanue, E. R. The insulin-specific T cells of nonobese diabetic mice recognize a weak MHC-binding segment in more than one form. J. Immunol. 178, 6051\u20136057 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006545107","volume":"107","author":"BD Stadinski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stadinski, B. D. et al. Diabetogenic T cells recognize insulin bound to IAg7 in an unexpected, weakly binding register. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 10978\u201310983 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14840","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416864111","volume":"111","author":"J Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Autoreactive T cells specific for insulin B:11-23 recognize a low-affinity peptide register in human subjects with autoimmune diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 14840\u201314845 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2791","volume":"351","author":"T Delong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delong, T. et al. Pathogenic CD4 T cells in type 1 diabetes recognize epitopes formed by peptide fusion. Science 351, 711\u2013714 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"130_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.059","volume":"137","author":"A Rubio-Tapia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rubio-Tapia, A. et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology 137, 88\u201393 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"130_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0797-797","volume":"3","author":"W Dieterich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dieterich, W. et al. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat. Med. 3, 797\u2013801 (1997).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"130_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11116.x","volume":"859","author":"D Schuppan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schuppan, D. et al. Identification of the autoantigen of celiac disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 859, 121\u2013126 (1998).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"130_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050182","volume":"45","author":"BH Johansen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Johansen, B. H. et al. Both alpha and beta chain polymorphisms determine the specificity of the disease-associated HLA-DQ2 molecules, with beta chain residues being most influential. Immunogenetics 45, 142\u2013150 (1996).","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"130_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830261132","volume":"26","author":"F Vartdal","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vartdal, F. et al. The peptide binding motif of the disease associated HLA-DQ (\u03b11* 0501, \u03b21* 0201) molecule. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 2764\u20132772 (1996).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050309","volume":"46","author":"Y Wal van de","year":"1997","unstructured":"van de Wal, Y. et al. Unique peptide binding characteristics of the disease-associated DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) vs the non-disease-associated DQ(alpha 1*0201, beta 1*0202) molecule. Immunogenetics 46, 484\u2013492 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"130_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0698-713","volume":"4","author":"O Molberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Molberg, O. et al. Tissue transglutaminase selectively modifies gliadin peptides that are recognized by gut-derived T cells in celiac disease. Nat. Med. 4, 713\u2013717 (1998).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"130_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601693","volume":"198","author":"B Jabri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jabri, B. & Sollid, L. M. T cells in celiac disease. J. Immunol. 198, 3005\u20133014 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.23","volume":"7","author":"GJ Tack","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tack, G. J., Verbeek, W. H., Schreurs, M. W. & Mulder, C. J. The spectrum of celiac disease: epidemiology, clinical aspects and treatment. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 204\u2013213 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"130_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501363","volume":"195","author":"R Iversen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iversen, R., Fleur du Pr\u00e9, M., Di Niro, R. & Sollid, L. M. Igs as substrates for transglutaminase 2: implications for autoantibody production in celiac disease. J. Immunol. 195, 5159\u20135168 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.6.766","volume":"37","author":"EM Nilsen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nilsen, E. M. et al. Gluten specific, HLA-DQ restricted T cells from coeliac mucosa produce cytokines with Th1 or Th0 profile dominated by interferon gamma. Gut 37, 766\u2013776 (1995).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"130_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2817","volume":"21","author":"J Petersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petersen, J. et al. T-cell receptor recognition of HLA-DQ2\u2013gliadin complexes associated with celiac disease. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 21, 480\u2013488 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"130_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600771","volume":"24","author":"Y Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Structure of a human autoimmune TCR bound to a myelin basic protein self-peptide and a multiple sclerosis-associated MHC class II molecule. EMBO J. 24, 2968\u20132979 (2005).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"130_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3007","volume":"11","author":"H Cheroutre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheroutre, H., Lambolez, F. & Mucida, D. The light and dark sides of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 445\u2013456 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.013","volume":"149","author":"M Setty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Setty, M. et al. Distinct and synergistic contributions of epithelial stress and adaptive immunity to functions of intraepithelial killer cells and active celiac disease. Gastroenterology 149, 681\u2013691.e10 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"130_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.018","volume":"21","author":"S H\u00fce","year":"2004","unstructured":"H\u00fce, S. et al. A direct role for NKG2D\/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease. Immunity 21, 367\u2013377 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"130_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.2.208","volume":"34","author":"T Kutlu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kutlu, T. et al. Numbers of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta+ but not of TcR gamma delta+ intraepithelial lymphocytes correlate with the grade of villous atrophy in coeliac patients on a long term normal diet. Gut 34, 208\u2013214 (1993).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"130_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30989","volume":"118","author":"G Bhagat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhagat, G. et al. Small intestinal CD8+TCRgammadelta+NKG2A+ intraepithelial lymphocytes have attributes of regulatory cells in patients with celiac disease. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 281\u2013293 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"130_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02213.x","volume":"103","author":"WH Verbeek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verbeek, W. H. et al. The presence of small intestinal intraepithelial gamma\/delta T-lymphocytes is inversely correlated with lymphoma development in refractory celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol 103, 3152\u20133158 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"130_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01200.x","volume":"120","author":"R Ciccocioppo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ciccocioppo, R. et al. Cytolytic mechanisms of intraepithelial lymphocytes in coeliac disease (CoD). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 120, 235\u2013240 (2000).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.22.12445","volume":"93","author":"V Groh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Groh, V. et al. Cell stress-regulated human major histocompatibility complex class I gene expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12445\u201312450 (1996).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.12.3353","volume":"51","author":"EA Gale","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gale, E. A. The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 51, 3353\u20133361 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17357-1","volume":"364","author":"KM Gillespie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gillespie, K. M. et al. The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes. Lancet 364, 1699\u20131700 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"130_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1045-4","volume":"46","author":"R Hermann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hermann, R. et al. Temporal changes in the frequencies of HLA genotypes in patients with type 1 diabetes: indication of an increased environmental pressure? Diabetologia 46, 420\u2013425 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"130_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7110.713","volume":"315","author":"SG Gardner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gardner, S. G., Bingley, P. J., Sawtell, P. A., Weeks, S. & Gale, E. A. Rising incidence of insulin dependent diabetes in children aged under 5 years in the Oxford region: time trend analysis. Br. Med. J. 315, 713\u2013717 (1997).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"130_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.5.984","volume":"24","author":"J Tuomilehto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tuomilehto, J. et al. Increase in incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among children in Finland. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24, 984\u2013992 (1995).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"130_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","volume":"376","author":"EJ Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayer-Davis, E. J. et al. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002\u20132012. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 1419\u20131429 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"130_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1331-9","volume":"47","author":"KO Kyvik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kyvik, K. O. et al. The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus is not the same in young adults as in children. Diabetologia 47, 377\u2013384 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"130_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1400697","volume":"371","author":"E Lionetti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lionetti, E. et al. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 1295\u20131303 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"130_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.023","volume":"184","author":"E Lionetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lionetti, E., Castellaneta, S., Francavilla, R., Pulvirenti, A. & Catassi, C. Mode of delivery and risk of celiac disease: Risk of Celiac Disease and Age at Gluten Introduction Cohort Study. J. Pediatr. 184, 81\u201386.e2 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"130_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.047","volume":"142","author":"K M\u00e5rild","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00e5rild, K., Stephansson, O., Montgomery, S., Murray, J. A. & Ludvigsson, J. F. Pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. Gastroenterology 142, 39\u201345.e3 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"130_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404172","volume":"371","author":"SL Vriezinga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vriezinga, S. L. et al. Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 1304\u20131315 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"130_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1787","volume":"135","author":"CA Aronsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aronsson, C. A. et al. Age at gluten introduction and risk of celiac disease. Pediatrics 135, 239\u2013245 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"130_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13163","volume":"41","author":"H Szajewska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szajewska, H. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: early infant feeding and coeliac disease: update 2015. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41, 1038\u20131054 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"130_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.032","volume":"168","author":"MI Pinto-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinto-S\u00e1nchez, M. I. et al. Gluten introduction to infant feeding and risk of celiac disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pediatr. 168, 132\u2013143.e3 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"130_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.144352","volume":"105","author":"P Crespo-Escobar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crespo-Escobar, P. et al. The role of gluten consumption at an early age in celiac disease development: a further analysis of the prospective PreventCD cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105, 890\u2013896 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"130_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.4.557","volume":"46","author":"W Karges","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karges, W. et al. Immunological aspects of nutritional diabetes prevention in NOD mice: a pilot study for the cow\u2019s milk-based IDDM prevention trial. Diabetes 46, 557\u2013564 (1997).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.7.1133","volume":"46","author":"S Malkani","year":"1997","unstructured":"Malkani, S. et al. Dietary cow\u2019s milk protein does not alter the frequency of diabetes in the BB rat. Diabetes 46, 1133\u20131140 (1997).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.11.1711","volume":"46","author":"JA Paxson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Paxson, J. A., Weber, J. G. & Kulczycki, A. Jr. Cow\u2019s milk-free diet does not prevent diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 46, 1711\u20131717 (1997).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.31979","volume":"51","author":"W Simonson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Simonson, W., Ramanathan, S., Bieg, S., Poussier, P. & Lernmark, A. Protein-free diets do not protect high-incidence diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats from diabetes. Metabolism 51, 569\u2013574 (2002).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"130_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1004809","volume":"363","author":"M Knip","year":"2010","unstructured":"Knip, M. et al. Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1900\u20131908 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"130_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5610","volume":"311","author":"M Knip","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knip, M. et al. Hydrolyzed infant formula and early \u03b2-cell autoimmunity: a randomized clinical trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 311, 2279\u20132287 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"130_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.049","volume":"153","author":"M Hyytinen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hyytinen, M. et al. Avoidance of cow\u2019s milk-based formula for at-risk infants does not reduce development of celiac disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 153, 961\u2013970.e963 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"130_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1612","volume":"63","author":"CH Hansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansen, C. H. et al. A maternal gluten-free diet reduces inflammation and diabetes incidence in the offspring of NOD mice. Diabetes 63, 2821\u20132832 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR70","first-page":"4782","volume":"86","author":"T Kimpim\u00e4ki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kimpim\u00e4ki, T. et al. The first signs of beta-cell autoimmunity appear in infancy in genetically susceptible children from the general population: the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4782\u20134788 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"130_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3514-y","volume":"58","author":"JP Krischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krischer, J. P. et al. The 6 year incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in genetically at-risk children: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia 58, 980\u2013987 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"130_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2523-3","volume":"55","author":"V Parikka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parikka, V. et al. Early seroconversion and rapidly increasing autoantibody concentrations predict prepubertal manifestation of type 1 diabetes in children at genetic risk. Diabetologia 55, 1926\u20131936 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"130_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2472-x","volume":"55","author":"AG Ziegler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ziegler, A. G. & Bonifacio, E. Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 55, 1937\u20131943 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"130_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000081107","volume":"108","author":"JE Koenig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koenig, J. E. et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108(Suppl. 1), 4578\u20134585 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17940","volume":"534","author":"JD Planer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Planer, J. D. et al. Development of the gut microbiota and mucosal IgA responses in twins and gnotobiotic mice. Nature 534, 263\u2013266 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","volume":"486","author":"T Yatsunenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yatsunenko, T. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486, 222\u2013227 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2710","volume":"10","author":"LV Hooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hooper, L. V. & Macpherson, A. J. Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 159\u2013169 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3112","volume":"12","author":"H Renz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Renz, H., Brandtzaeg, P. & Hornef, M. The impact of perinatal immune development on mucosal homeostasis and chronic inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12, 9\u201323 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000488","volume":"27","author":"TD Clausen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clausen, T. D. et al. Prelabor cesarean section and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Epidemiology 27, 547\u2013555 (2016).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"130_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3716-3","volume":"58","author":"U Samuelsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samuelsson, U. et al. Caesarean section per se does not increase the risk of offspring developing type 1 diabetes: a Swedish population-based study. Diabetologia 58, 2517\u20132524 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"130_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0596","volume":"135","author":"A Sevelsted","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sevelsted, A., Stokholm, J., B\u00f8nnelykke, K. & Bisgaard, H. Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders. Pediatrics 135, e92\u2013e98 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"130_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0729","volume":"60","author":"E Bonifacio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bonifacio, E., Warncke, K., Winkler, C., Wallner, M. & Ziegler, A. G. Cesarean section and interferon-induced helicase gene polymorphisms combine to increase childhood type 1 diabetes risk. Diabetes 60, 3300\u20133306 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07336","volume":"455","author":"L Wen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wen, L. et al. Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Nature 455, 1109\u20131113 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025792","volume":"6","author":"CT Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown, C. T. et al. Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 6, e25792 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"130_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0526","volume":"62","author":"MC Goffau de","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Goffau, M. C. et al. Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with \u03b2-cell autoimmunity and those without. Diabetes 62, 1238\u20131244 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.92","volume":"5","author":"A Giongo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giongo, A. et al. Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes. ISME J. 5, 82\u201391 (2011).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"130_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.001","volume":"17","author":"AD Kostic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kostic, A. D. et al. The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes. Cell Host Microbe 17, 260\u2013273 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"130_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00269.x","volume":"8","author":"TEDDY Study Group.","year":"2007","unstructured":"TEDDY Study Group. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study: study design. Pediatr. Diabetes 8, 286\u2013298 (2007).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0850","volume":"38","author":"KM Kemppainen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kemppainen, K. M. et al. Early childhood gut microbiomes show strong geographic differences among subjects at high risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 38, 329\u2013332 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007","volume":"122","author":"SK Mazmanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mazmanian, S. K., Liu, C. H., Tzianabos, A. O. & Kasper, D. L. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 122, 107\u2013118 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"130_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07008","volume":"453","author":"SK Mazmanian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mazmanian, S. K., Round, J. L. & Kasper, D. L. A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature 453, 620\u2013625 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","volume":"341","author":"PM Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, P. M. et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 341, 569\u2013573 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"130_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11605","volume":"491","author":"L Kjer-Nielsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kjer-Nielsen, L. et al. MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. Nature 491, 717\u2013723 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3142","volume":"4","author":"O Patel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patel, O. et al. Recognition of vitamin B metabolites by mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Nat. Commun. 4, 2142 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"130_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.007","volume":"165","author":"T Vatanen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vatanen, T. et al. Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans. Cell 165, 842\u2013853 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"130_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08530","volume":"461","author":"KM Maslowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maslowski, K. M. et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 461, 1282\u20131286 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.07.009","volume":"26","author":"CI McKenzie","year":"2015","unstructured":"McKenzie, C. I., Mackay, C. R. & Macia, L. GPR43: a prototypic metabolite sensor linking metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 26, 511\u2013512 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"130_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","volume":"504","author":"Y Furusawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furusawa, Y. et al. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504, 446\u2013450 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","volume":"18","author":"E Mari\u00f1o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mari\u00f1o, E. et al. Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes. Nat. Immunol. 18, 552\u2013562 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.013","volume":"43","author":"J Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun, J. et al. Pancreatic \u03b2-cells limit autoimmune diabetes via an immunoregulatory antimicrobial peptide expressed under the influence of the gut microbiota. Immunity 43, 304\u2013317 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"130_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3228","volume":"12","author":"RL Gallo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gallo, R. L. & Hooper, L. V. Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12, 503\u2013516 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.028","volume":"42","author":"S Mukherjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mukherjee, S. & Hooper, L. V. Antimicrobial defense of the intestine. Immunity 42, 28\u201339 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"130_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233521","volume":"339","author":"JG Markle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Markle, J. G. et al. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science 339, 1084\u20131088 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"130_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.003","volume":"20","author":"ED Sonnenburg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonnenburg, E. D. & Sonnenburg, J. L. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metab. 20, 779\u2013786 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"130_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.003","volume":"23","author":"J Zou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zou, J. et al. Fiber-mediated nourishment of gut microbiota protects against diet-induced obesity by restoring IL-22-mediated colonic health. Cell Host Microbe 23, 41\u201353.e44 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"130_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1710","volume":"14","author":"SJ Aujla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aujla, S. J. et al. IL-22 mediates mucosal host defense against Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. Nat. Med. 14, 275\u2013281 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"130_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1720","volume":"14","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. et al. Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens. Nat. Med. 14, 282\u2013289 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"130_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.028","volume":"37","author":"AM Hanash","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hanash, A. M. et al. Interleukin-22 protects intestinal stem cells from immune-mediated tissue damage and regulates sensitivity to graft versus host disease. Immunity 37, 339\u2013350 (2012).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"130_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16460","volume":"528","author":"CA Lindemans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindemans, C. A. et al. Interleukin-22 promotes intestinal-stem-cell-mediated epithelial regeneration. Nature 528, 560\u2013564 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.27","volume":"6","author":"D Hober","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hober, D. & Sauter, P. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 6, 279\u2013289 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"130_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.30","volume":"12","author":"A Op de Beeck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Op de Beeck, A. & Eizirik, D. L. Viral infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus: why the \u03b2 cells? Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 12, 263\u2013273 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"130_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1800","volume":"38","author":"DJ Smyth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smyth, D. J. et al. A genome-wide association study of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a type 1 diabetes locus in the interferon-induced helicase (IFIH1) region. Nat. Genet. 38, 617\u2013619 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"130_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167728","volume":"324","author":"S Nejentsev","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nejentsev, S., Walker, N., Riches, D., Egholm, M. & Todd, J. A. Rare variants of IFIH1, a gene implicated in antiviral responses, protect against type 1 diabetes. Science 324, 387\u2013389 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"130_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1269","volume":"60","author":"C Winkler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Winkler, C. et al. An interferon-induced helicase (IFIH1) gene polymorphism associates with different rates of progression from autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 60, 685\u2013690 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027781","volume":"6","author":"E Wits\u00f8","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wits\u00f8, E. et al. Polymorphisms in the innate immune IFIH1 gene, frequency of enterovirus in monthly fecal samples during infancy, and islet autoimmunity. PLoS One 6, e27781 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"130_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19057","volume":"536","author":"M Lek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lek, M. et al. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans. Nature 536, 285\u2013291 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3766","volume":"18","author":"JA Gorman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorman, J. A. et al. The A946T variant of the RNA sensor IFIH1 mediates an interferon program that limits viral infection but increases the risk for autoimmunity. Nat. Immunol. 18, 744\u2013752 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-124","volume":"13","author":"MA Penno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Penno, M. A. et al. Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA): a pregnancy to early life cohort study in children at-risk of type 1 diabetes. BMC Pediatr. 13, 124 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"130_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12425","volume":"18","author":"JE Phillips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips, J. E., Couper, J. J., Penno, M. A. S. & Harrison, L. C., ENDIA Study Group. Type 1 diabetes: a disease of developmental origins. Pediatr. Diabetes 18, 417\u2013421 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"130_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.022","volume":"171","author":"R Hebbandi Nanjundappa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hebbandi Nanjundappa, R. et al. A gut microbial mimic that hijacks diabetogenic autoreactivity to suppress colitis. Cell 171, 655\u2013667.e617 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"130_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9311","volume":"96","author":"B Anderson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anderson, B., Park, B. J., Verdaguer, J., Amrani, A. & Santamaria, P. Prevalent CD8+ T cell response against one peptide\/MHC complex in autoimmune diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9311\u20139316 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.10.4726","volume":"157","author":"J Verdaguer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Verdaguer, J. et al. Acceleration of spontaneous diabetes in TCR-beta-transgenic nonobese diabetic mice by beta-cell cytotoxic CD8+ T cells expressing identical endogenous TCR-alpha chains. J. Immunol. 157, 4726\u20134735 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.01.005","volume":"25","author":"L Bourhis Le","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Bourhis, L., Mburu, Y. K. & Lantz, O. MAIT cells, surveyors of a new class of antigen: development and functions. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 25, 174\u2013180 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.033","volume":"15","author":"KM Kemppainen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kemppainen, K. M. et al. Factors that increase risk of celiac disease autoimmunity after a gastrointestinal infection in early life. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 694\u2013702.e5 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"130_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.8.995","volume":"28","author":"MF Kagnoff","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kagnoff, M. F. et al. Evidence for the role of a human intestinal adenovirus in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. Gut 28, 995\u20131001 (1987).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"130_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x","volume":"101","author":"LC Stene","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stene, L. C. et al. Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101, 2333\u20132340 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"130_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.287","volume":"110","author":"K M\u00e5rild","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00e5rild, K., Kahrs, C. R., Tapia, G., Stene, L. C. & St\u00f8rdal, K. Infections and risk of celiac disease in childhood: a prospective nationwide cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 1475\u20131484 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"130_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/169591","volume":"21","author":"EF Verdu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Verdu, E. F., Mauro, M., Bourgeois, J. & Armstrong, D. Clinical onset of celiac disease after an episode of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 21, 453\u2013455 (2007).","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"130_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2733-7","volume":"58","author":"MS Riddle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Riddle, M. S., Murray, J. A., Cash, B. D., Pimentel, M. & Porter, C. K. Pathogen-specific risk of celiac disease following bacterial causes of foodborne illness: a retrospective cohort study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 58, 3242\u20133245 (2013).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"130_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5298","volume":"356","author":"R Bouziat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouziat, R. et al. Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease. Science 356, 44\u201350 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"130_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-63","volume":"10","author":"G Palma De","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Palma, G. et al. Intestinal dysbiosis and reduced immunoglobulin-coated bacteria associated with coeliac disease in children. BMC Microbiol. 10, 63 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"130_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.355","volume":"109","author":"P Wacklin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wacklin, P. et al. Altered duodenal microbiota composition in celiac disease patients suffering from persistent symptoms on a long-term gluten-free diet. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 1933\u20131941 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"130_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.95","volume":"111","author":"V D\u2019Argenio","year":"2016","unstructured":"D\u2019Argenio, V. et al. Metagenomics reveals dysbiosis and a potentially pathogenic n. flavescens strain in duodenum of adult celiac patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 111, 879\u2013890 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"130_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.90","volume":"12","author":"EF Verdu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verdu, E. F., Galipeau, H. J. & Jabri, B. Novel players in coeliac disease pathogenesis: role of the gut microbiota. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 497\u2013506 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"130_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.021","volume":"34","author":"MB Geuking","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geuking, M. B. et al. Intestinal bacterial colonization induces mutualistic regulatory T cell responses. Immunity 34, 794\u2013806 (2011).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"130_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04286.x","volume":"163","author":"M Kverka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kverka, M. et al. Oral administration of Parabacteroides distasonis antigens attenuates experimental murine colitis through modulation of immunity and microbiota composition. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 163, 250\u2013259 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.07.018","volume":"185","author":"HJ Galipeau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galipeau, H. J. et al. Intestinal microbiota modulates gluten-induced immunopathology in humanized mice. Am. J. Pathol. 185, 2969\u20132982 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"130_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.041","volume":"151","author":"A Caminero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caminero, A. et al. Duodenal bacteria from patients with celiac disease and healthy subjects distinctly affect gluten breakdown and immunogenicity. Gastroenterology 151, 670\u2013683 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"130_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","volume":"101","author":"F B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2004","unstructured":"B\u00e4ckhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718\u201315723 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"130_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","volume":"500","author":"E Chatelier Le","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Chatelier, E. et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature 500, 541\u2013546 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","volume":"444","author":"PJ Turnbaugh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027\u20131031 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"130_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12973","volume":"40","author":"P Elfstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elfstr\u00f6m, P., Sundstr\u00f6m, J. & Ludvigsson, J. F. Systematic review with meta-analysis: associations between coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 40, 1123\u20131132 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"130_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2508","volume":"40","author":"ME Craig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig, M. E. et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in 52,721 youth with type 1 diabetes: international comparison across three continents. Diabetes Care 40, 1034\u20131040 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR144","first-page":"1034","volume":"40","author":"G Maltoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maltoni, G. et al. Comment on Craig et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in 52,721 youth with type 1 diabetes: international comparison across three continents. Diabetes Care 2017 40, 1034\u20131040. Diabetes Care 40, e167 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care 2017"},{"key":"130_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e194","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1208","volume":"37","author":"A Beyerlein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beyerlein, A. et al. Timing of gluten introduction and islet autoimmunity in young children: updated results from the BABYDIET study. Diabetes Care 37, e194\u2013e195 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0628-5","volume":"52","author":"R Chmiel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chmiel, R. et al. Early infant feeding and risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 52, 621\u2013624 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"130_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2456","volume":"34","author":"S Hummel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hummel, S., Pfl\u00fcger, M., Hummel, M., Bonifacio, E. & Ziegler, A. G. Primary dietary intervention study to reduce the risk of islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes: the BABYDIET study. Diabetes Care 34, 1301\u20131305 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100854","volume":"187","author":"HJ Galipeau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galipeau, H. J. et al. Sensitization to gliadin induces moderate enteropathy and insulitis in nonobese diabetic-DQ8 mice. J. Immunol. 187, 4338\u20134346 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12563","volume":"19","author":"A Parkkola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parkkola, A. et al. Transglutaminase antibodies and celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes and in their family members. Pediatr. Diabetes 19, 305\u2013313 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"130_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.2337\/dcs15-2003","volume":"38","author":"CA Brorsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brorsson, C. A. & Pociot, F., Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 38(Suppl. 2), S8\u2013S13 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2890","volume":"38","author":"S Castellaneta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castellaneta, S. et al. High rate of spontaneous normalization of celiac serology in a cohort of 446 children with type 1 diabetes: a prospective study. Diabetes Care 38, 760\u2013766 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"130_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12836","volume":"104","author":"EH Adlercreutz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adlercreutz, E. H., Wingren, C. J., Vincente, R. P., Merlo, J. & Agardh, D. Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 104, 178\u2013184 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"130_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.04.003","volume":"165","author":"A Welander","year":"2014","unstructured":"Welander, A., Montgomery, S. M., Ludvigsson, J. & Ludvigsson, J. F. Infectious disease at gluten introduction and risk of childhood diabetes mellitus. J. Pediatr. 165, 326\u2013331.e321 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"130_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.66","volume":"8","author":"R Uibo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uibo, R. et al. Celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes: a condition with distinct changes in intestinal immunity? Cell. Mol. Immunol. 8, 150\u2013156 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E482","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050482","volume":"9","author":"J Gorelick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorelick, J. et al. The impact of diet wheat source on the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus-lessons learned from the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Nutrients 9, E482 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"130_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424306","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2424306","volume":"2016","author":"SW Bruun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruun, S. W. et al. Large gliadin peptides detected in the pancreas of Nod and healthy mice following oral administration. J. Diabetes Res. 2016, 2424306 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"130_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12340","volume":"177","author":"EH Adlercreutz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adlercreutz, E. H. et al. A gluten-free diet lowers NKG2D and ligand expression in BALB\/c and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 177, 391\u2013403 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"130_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094530","volume":"9","author":"DP Funda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Funda, D. P., Fundova, P., Hansen, A. K. & Buschard, K. Prevention or early cure of type 1 diabetes by intranasal administration of gliadin in NOD mice. PLoS One 9, e94530 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"130_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078687","volume":"8","author":"EV Marietta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marietta, E. V. et al. Low incidence of spontaneous type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice raised on gluten-free diets is associated with changes in the intestinal microbiome. PLoS One 8, e78687 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Nature Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-018-0130-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-018-0130-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-018-0130-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T05:24:09Z","timestamp":1693718649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-018-0130-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-018-0130-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-2908","1529-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-2908","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}