{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:44:08Z","timestamp":1790163848610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection is generally mild or asymptomatic in children but a biological basis for this outcome is unclear. Here we compare antibody and cellular immunity in children (aged 3\u201311 years) and adults. Antibody responses against spike protein were high in children and seroconversion boosted responses against seasonal Beta-coronaviruses through cross-recognition of the S2 domain. Neutralization of viral variants was comparable between children and adults. Spike-specific T cell responses were more than twice as high in children and were also detected in many seronegative children, indicating pre-existing cross-reactive responses to seasonal coronaviruses. Importantly, children retained antibody and cellular responses 6 months after infection, whereas relative waning occurred in adults. Spike-specific responses were also broadly stable beyond 12 months. Therefore, children generate robust, cross-reactive and sustained immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with focused specificity for the spike protein. These findings provide insight into the relative clinical protection that occurs in most children and might help to guide the design of pediatric vaccination regimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01089-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T12:03:24Z","timestamp":1640174604000},"page":"40-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Dowell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan S.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Jinks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gokhan","family":"Tut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2872-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Sylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jusnara","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Bruton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8380-8122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriti","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9496-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Tyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliska","family":"Spalkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Margielewska-Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4807-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Syrimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Baawuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeanyichukwu O.","family":"Okike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazaad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Garstang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Brent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Brent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Aiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahin","family":"Amin-Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0691-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ray","family":"Borrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5935-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezra","family":"Linley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaq","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Waiblinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma C.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Palmarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2874-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayatri","family":"Amirthalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7156-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary E.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8341-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianmin","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6895-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamez","family":"Ladhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1089_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247461","volume":"16","author":"A Booth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Booth, A. et al. Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 16, e0247461 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1089_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4573","volume":"175","author":"RM Viner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viner, R. M. et al. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adolescents compared with adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 175, 143\u2013156 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"1089_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00826-9","volume":"22","author":"SP Weisberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weisberg, S. P. et al. Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum. Nat. Immunol. 22, 25\u201331 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1089_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd5487","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5487","volume":"12","author":"CA Pierce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierce, C. A. et al. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, eabd5487 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1089_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19545-8","volume":"11","author":"S Tosif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tosif, S. et al. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in three children of parents with symptomatic COVID-19. Nat. Commun. 11, 5703 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1089_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24938-4","volume":"12","author":"CA Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen, C. A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection. Nat. Commun. 12, 4678 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1089_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100075","volume":"3","author":"J Flood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flood, J. et al. Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS): prospective, national surveillance, United Kingdom and Ireland, 2020. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 3, 100075 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"1089_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.016","volume":"183","author":"CR Consiglio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Consiglio, C. R. et al. The immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19. Cell 183, 968\u2013981.e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1089_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100433","volume":"24","author":"A Hoang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoang, A. et al. COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: a systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 24, 100433 (2020).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1089_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.034","volume":"183","author":"CN Gruber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gruber, C. N. et al. Mapping systemic inflammation and antibody responses in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Cell 183, 982\u2013995.e14 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1089_CR11","unstructured":"Protein BLAST (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2021); https:\/\/blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastp&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome"},{"key":"1089_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00533-08","volume":"46","author":"R Dijkman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dijkman, R. et al. Human coronavirus NL63 and 229E seroconversion in children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 2368\u20132373 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"1089_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18450-4","volume":"11","author":"AT Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, A. T. et al. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity. Nat. Commun. 11, 4704 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1089_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.11.011","volume":"53","author":"R Dijkman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dijkman, R. et al. The dominance of human coronavirus OC43 and NL63 infections in infants. J. Clin. Virol. 53, 135\u2013139 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"1089_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1107","volume":"370","author":"KW Ng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ng, K. W. et al. Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans. Science 370, 1339\u20131343 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1089_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00061-4","volume":"5","author":"SN Ladhani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ladhani, S. N. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in primary schools in England in June\u2013December, 2020 (sKIDs): an active, prospective surveillance study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 5, 417\u2013427 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1089_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00183-5","volume":"397","author":"EC Sabino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sabino, E. C. et al. Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence. Lancet 397, 452\u2013455 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1089_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25479-6","volume":"12","author":"TA Bates","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bates, T. A. et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum. Nat. Commun. 12, 5135 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1089_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","volume":"584","author":"B Ju","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ju, B. et al. Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature 584, 115\u2013119 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1089_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81934-w","volume":"11","author":"S Madera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madera, S. et al. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in young children do not differ significantly from those in older children and adults. Sci. Rep. 11, 3044 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1089_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21414-x","volume":"12","author":"MR Neeland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neeland, M. R. et al. Innate cell profiles during the acute and convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nat. Commun. 12, 1084 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1089_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.010","volume":"184","author":"EM Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson, E. M. et al. Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection. Cell 184, 1858\u20131864.e10 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1089_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Westerhuis, B. M. et al. Severe COVID-19 patients display a back boost of seasonal coronavirus-specific antibodies. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.10.10.20210070 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.10.20210070"},{"key":"1089_CR24","first-page":"1317","volume":"12","author":"KH Chan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chan, K. H. et al. Serological responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 12, 1317\u20131321 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"1089_CR25","first-page":"e144499","volume":"6","author":"T Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, T. et al. Distinct antibody repertoires against endemic human coronaviruses in children and adults. JCI Insight 6, e144499 (2021).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1089_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd4250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4250","volume":"370","author":"E Shrock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrock, E. et al. Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity. Science 370, eabd4250 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1089_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03243-","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03243-19","volume":"11","author":"P Meade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meade, P. et al. Influenza virus infection induces a narrow antibody response in children but a broad recall response in adults. mBio 11, e03243-19 (2020).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1089_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01263-3","volume":"27","author":"YC Bartsch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bartsch, Y. C. et al. Humoral signatures of protective and pathological SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nat. Med. 27, 454\u2013462 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1089_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","volume":"370","author":"J Mateus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mateus, J. et al. Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science 370, 89\u201394 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1089_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00808-x","volume":"22","author":"A Nelde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nelde, A. et al. SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition. Nat. Immunol. 22, 74\u201385 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1089_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78506-9","volume":"10","author":"G Saletti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saletti, G. et al. Older adults lack SARS CoV-2 cross-reactive T lymphocytes directed to human coronaviruses OC43 and NL63. Sci. Rep. 10, 21447 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1089_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf3698","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf3698","volume":"5","author":"CJ Reynolds","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reynolds, C. J. et al. Discordant neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci. Immunol. 5, eabf3698 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1089_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00902-8","volume":"22","author":"J Zuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zuo, J. et al. Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection. Nat. Immunol. 22, 620\u2013626 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1089_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf4063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","volume":"371","author":"JM Dan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dan, J. M. et al. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science 371, eabf4063 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1089_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5960","volume":"370","author":"J Shaman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shaman, J. & Galanti, M. Will SARS-CoV-2 become endemic? Science 370, 527\u2013529 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1089_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7222-2","volume":"19","author":"PK Bird","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bird, P. K. et al. Growing up in Bradford: protocol for the age 7\u201311 follow up of the Born in Bradford birth cohort. BMC Public Health 19, 939 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1089_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2021.113046","volume":"494","author":"AM Cook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cook, A. M. et al. Validation of a combined ELISA to detect IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild or moderate non-hospitalised patients. J. Immunol. Methods 494, 113046 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"1089_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001091","volume":"19","author":"SJ Rihn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rihn, S. J. et al. A plasmid DNA-launched SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics system and coronavirus toolkit for COVID-19 research. PLoS Biol. 19, e3001091 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"1089_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davis, C. et al. Reduced neutralisation of the Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern following vaccination. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.23.21259327 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.23.21259327"}],"container-title":["Nature Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01089-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01089-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01089-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T10:09:52Z","timestamp":1640340592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01089-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-021-01089-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.04.12.21255275","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.741359961.793590890","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1529-2908","1529-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-2908","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.E.R. provided post-marketing surveillance reports on pneumococcal and meningococcal infection to vaccine manufacturers for which a cost recovery charge was made to GSK and Pfizer. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}