{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:53:16Z","timestamp":1787932396139,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK130465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK130465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI139633-04S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI139633-04S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI144616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI144616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01123-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T12:03:16Z","timestamp":1643716996000},"page":"177-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3084-3071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne G.","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006100","volume":"382","author":"DF Gudbjartsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gudbjartsson, D. F. et al. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic population. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2302\u20132315 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30114-6","volume":"20","author":"X Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan, X. et al. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 410\u2013411 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1123_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa198","volume":"71","author":"C Jiehao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiehao, C. et al. A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features. Clin. Infect. Dis. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 71, 1547\u20131551 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"1123_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","volume":"382","author":"X Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, X. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1663\u20131665 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR5","unstructured":"Grasselli, G. et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 1574\u20131581 (2020)."},{"key":"1123_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30177-2","volume":"4","author":"F G\u00f6tzinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f6tzinger, F. et al. COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4, 653\u2013661 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1123_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1685","volume":"175","author":"D Saatci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saatci, D. et al. Association between race and COVID-19 outcomes among 2.6 million children in England. JAMA Pediatr. 175, 928\u2013938 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"1123_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4573","volume":"175","author":"RM Viner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viner, R. M. et al. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adolescents compared with adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 175, 143\u2013156 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"1123_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.163","volume":"103","author":"BK Tsankov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsankov, B. K. et al. Severe COVID-19 infection and pediatric comorbidities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 103, 246\u2013256 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1123_CR10","first-page":"e215298","volume":"4","author":"LE Preston","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preston, L. E. et al. Characteristics and disease severity of US children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e215298\u2013e215298 (2021).","journal-title":"Open"},{"key":"1123_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.019","volume":"107","author":"R Dewi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dewi, R. et al. Mortality in children with positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test: Lessons learned from a tertiary referral hospital in Indonesia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 107, 78\u201385 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1123_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.060","volume":"110","author":"SR Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1squez, S. R. et al. The toll of COVID-19 on African children: a descriptive analysis on COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality among the pediatric population in sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 110, 457\u2013465 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1123_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1948","volume":"174","author":"LS Shekerdemian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shekerdemian, L. S. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian pediatric intensive care units. JAMA Pediatr. 174, 868\u2013873 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"1123_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242302","volume":"15","author":"S Kenmoe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kenmoe, S. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children < 2 years with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era. PLoS ONE 15, e0242302 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1123_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040497","volume":"8","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet Glob. Health 8, e497\u2013e510 (2020).","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"1123_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabi5273","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5273","volume":"373","author":"TC Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones, T. C. et al. Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course. Science 373, eabi5273 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, E. et al. Comparison of symptoms and RNA levels in children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community setting. JAMA Pediatr. 175, e212025 (2021).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2025"},{"key":"1123_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81934-w","volume":"11","author":"S Madera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madera, S. et al. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in young children do not differ significantly from those in older children and adults. Sci. Rep. 11, 3044 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1123_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00265-8","volume":"35","author":"R Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, R. et al. Mild cytokine elevation, moderate CD4+\u2009T Cell response and abundant antibody production in children with COVID-19. Virol. Sin. 35, 734\u2013743 (2020).","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"1123_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24938-4","volume":"12","author":"CA Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen, C. A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection. Nat. Commun. 12, 4678 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01263-3","volume":"27","author":"YC Bartsch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bartsch, Y. C. et al. Humoral signatures of protective and pathological SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nat. Med. 27, 454\u2013462 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e150909","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150909","volume":"6","author":"C Garrido","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garrido, C. et al. Asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses in children and adolescents. JCI Insight 6, e150909 (2021).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1123_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4302","volume":"4","author":"HS Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, H. S. et al. Association of age with SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e214302\u2013e214302 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1123_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060700","volume":"10","author":"A M\u00e9ndez-Echevarr\u00eda","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Echevarr\u00eda, A. et al. Long-term persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a pediatric population. Pathogens 10, 700 (2021).","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"1123_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003199","volume":"40","author":"PD Oygar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oygar, P. D. et al. Longitudinal follow-up of antibody responses in pediatric patients with COVID-19 up to 9 months after infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 40, e294\u2013e299 (2021).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"1123_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delahoy, M. J. Hospitalizations associated with COVID-19 among children and adolescents \u2014 COVID-NET, 14 states, March 1, 2020\u2013August 14, 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70, 1255\u20131260 (2021).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7036e2"},{"key":"1123_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd5487","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5487","volume":"12","author":"CA Pierce","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierce, C. A. et al. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients. Sci. Transl. Med. 12, eabd5487 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7672","volume":"370","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laxminarayan, R. et al. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states. Science 370, 691\u2013697 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR29","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Weekly Updates by Select Demographic and Geographic Characteristics \u2014 Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). National Center for Health Statistics https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/covid_weekly\/index.htm (2021)."},{"key":"1123_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakoc Aydiner, E. et al. Adverse COVID-19 outcomes in immune deficiencies: Inequality exists between subclasses. Allergy 77, 282\u2013295 (2021).","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15025"},{"key":"1123_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00928-x","volume":"41","author":"S Delavari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delavari, S. et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on patients with primary immunodeficiency. J. Clin. Immunol. 41, 345\u2013355 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01065-9","volume":"41","author":"S Esenboga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esenboga, S. et al. COVID-19 in patients with primary immunodeficiency. J. Clin. Immunol. 41, 1515\u20131522 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.010","volume":"147","author":"I Meyts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meyts, I. et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with inborn errors of immunity: an international study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 147, 520\u2013531 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e044899","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044899","volume":"11","author":"M Shaunak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaunak, M. et al. COVID-19 symptom surveillance in immunocompromised children and young people in the UK: a prospective observational cohort study. BMJ Open 11, e044899 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1123_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, F. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395, 1054\u20131062 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1123_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.006","volume":"146","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 146, 110\u2013118 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","volume":"584","author":"EJ Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson, E. J. et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 584, 430\u2013436 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1123_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023192","volume":"49","author":"MP Noz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noz, M. P. et al. Trained immunity characteristics are associated with progressive cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 49, 2910\u20132917 (2018).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1123_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","volume":"20","author":"MG Netea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Netea, M. G. et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 375\u2013388 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666191024085838","volume":"16","author":"A Berbudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berbudi, A., Rahmadika, N., Tjahjadi, A. I. & Ruslami, R. Type 2 diabetes and its impact on the immune system. Curr. Diabetes Rev. 16, 442\u2013449 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"1123_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255544","volume":"16","author":"M Sandoval","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandoval, M., Nguyen, D. T., Vahidy, F. S. & Graviss, E. A. Risk factors for severity of COVID-19 in hospital patients age 18\u201329 years. PLoS ONE 16, e0255544 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1123_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S. & Li, F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J. Virol. 94, e00127-20 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20"},{"key":"1123_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, P. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579, 270\u2013273 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1123_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","volume":"581","author":"J Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang, J. et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 581, 221\u2013224 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1123_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","volume":"181","author":"AC Walls","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walls, A. C. et al. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 181, 281\u2013292.e6 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1123_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","volume":"11","author":"X Ou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ou, X. et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat. Commun. 11, 1620 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140766","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140766","volume":"131","author":"BA Schuler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuler, B. A. et al. Age-determined expression of priming protease TMPRSS2 and localization of SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelium. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e140766 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1123_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62522","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62522","volume":"9","author":"A Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, A. et al. Single-cell multiomic profiling of human lungs reveals cell-type-specific and age-dynamic control of SARS-CoV2 host genes. eLife 9, e62522 (2020).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1123_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","volume":"5","author":"M Letko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Letko, M., Marzi, A. & Munster, V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 562\u2013569 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"1123_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181, 271\u2013280 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1123_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01227-z","volume":"27","author":"C Muus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muus, C. et al. Single-cell meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes across tissues and demographics. Nat. Med. 27, 546\u2013559 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148694","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148694","volume":"6","author":"CA Pierce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pierce, C. A. et al. Natural mucosal barriers and COVID-19 in children. JCI Insight 6, e148694 (2021).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1123_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunyavanich, S., Do, A. & Vicencio, A. Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 2427\u20132429 (2020).","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8707"},{"key":"1123_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3651","volume":"174","author":"T Heald-Sargent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heald-Sargent, T. et al. Age-related differences in nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) levels in patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Pediatr. 174, 902 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"1123_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19057-5","volume":"11","author":"J Fajnzylber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fajnzylber, J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Nat. Commun. 11, 5493 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.07.001","volume":"190","author":"KV Argyropoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Argyropoulos, K. V. et al. Association of initial viral load in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients with outcome and symptoms. Am. J. Pathol. 190, 1881\u20131887 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"1123_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2104547118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2104547118","volume":"118","author":"Q Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2104547118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1123_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26853","volume":"93","author":"K Aykac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aykac, K. et al. The association of viral load and disease severity in children with COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 93, 3077\u20133083 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"1123_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250358","volume":"16","author":"C Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, C. et al. COVID-19 infection with asymptomatic or mild disease severity in young patients: clinical course and association between prevalence of pneumonia and viral load. PLoS ONE 16, e0250358 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1123_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x","volume":"22","author":"M Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng, M. et al. TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines. Nat. Immunol. 22, 829\u2013838 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with and activates TLR4. Cell Res. 31, 818\u2013820 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00495-9"},{"key":"1123_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01519-7","volume":"44","author":"A Anaeigoudari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anaeigoudari, A., Mollaei, H. R., Arababadi, M. K. & Nosratabadi, R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: the role of the main components of the innate immune system. Inflammation 44, 2151\u20132169 (2021).","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"1123_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2020.0214","volume":"40","author":"H Xia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia, H. & Shi, P.-Y. Antagonism of type I interferon by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 40, 543\u2013548 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"1123_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd4585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","volume":"370","author":"P Bastard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bastard, P. et al. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 370, eabd4585 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.03.034","volume":"148","author":"A Lemarquis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemarquis, A. et al. Severe COVID-19 in an APS1 patient with interferon autoantibodies treated with plasmapheresis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 148, 96\u201398 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210554","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210554","volume":"218","author":"P Bastard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bastard, P. et al. Preexisting autoantibodies to type I IFNs underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with APS-1. J. Exp. Med. 218, e20210554 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","volume":"369","author":"J Hadjadj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hadjadj, J. et al. Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. Science 369, 718\u2013724 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261","volume":"369","author":"PS Arunachalam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arunachalam, P. S. et al. Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans. Science 369, 1210\u20131220 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3545","volume":"369","author":"A Broggi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Broggi, A. et al. Type III interferons disrupt the lung epithelial barrier upon viral recognition. Science 369, 706\u2013712 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00826-9","volume":"22","author":"SP Weisberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weisberg, S. P. et al. Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum. Nat. Immunol. 22, 25\u201331 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010407","volume":"5","author":"M Nguyen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nguyen, M. et al. Acquisition of adult-like TLR4 and TLR9 responses during the first year of life. PLoS One 5, e10407 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1123_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.035","volume":"143","author":"PG Holt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holt, P. G. et al. Developmental regulation of type 1 and type 3 interferon production and risk for infant infections and asthma development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 143, 1176\u20131182.e5 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan2392","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aan2392","volume":"10","author":"RD Molony","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molony, R. D. et al. Aging impairs both primary and secondary RIG-I signaling for interferon induction in human monocytes. Sci. Signal. 10, eaan2392 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"1123_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402389","volume":"195","author":"G Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, G., Ju, J., Weyand, C. M. & Goronzy, J. J. Age-associated failure to adjust type I IFN receptor signaling thresholds after T cell activation. J. Immunol. 195, 865\u2013874 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-12-2","volume":"12","author":"A Le Page","year":"2014","unstructured":"Le Page, A. et al. Downregulation of inhibitory SRC homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) leads to recovery of T cell responses in elderly. Cell Commun. Signal. 12, 2 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"1123_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020","volume":"48","author":"M Macal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Macal, M. et al. Self-renewal and toll-like receptor signaling sustain exhausted plasmacytoid dendritic cells during chronic viral infection. Immunity 48, 730\u2013744.e5 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1123_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.08.016","volume":"4","author":"EI Zuniga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zuniga, E. I., Liou, L.-Y., Mack, L., Mendoza, M. & Oldstone, M. B. A. Persistent virus infection inhibits type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells to facilitate opportunistic infections. Cell Host Microbe 4, 374\u2013386 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1123_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabh2624","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abh2624","volume":"13","author":"MGPvander Wijst","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wijst, M. G. Pvander et al. Type I interferon autoantibodies are associated with systemic immune alterations in patients with COVID-19. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabh2624 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0402-6","volume":"20","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Z. & John Wherry, E. T cell responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 529\u2013536 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900743","volume":"183","author":"I Bains","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bains, I., Thi\u00e9baut, R., Yates, A. J. & Callard, R. Quantifying thymic export: combining models of naive T cell proliferation and TCR excision circle dynamics gives an explicit measure of thymic output. J. Immunol. 183, 4329\u20134336 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.01.007","volume":"48","author":"BV Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, B. V., Connors, T. J. & Farber, D. L. Human T cell development, localization, and function throughout life. Immunity 48, 202\u2013213 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1123_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","volume":"370","author":"J Mateus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mateus, J. et al. Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science 370, 89\u201394 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw8330","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw8330","volume":"5","author":"Y Elyahu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elyahu, Y. et al. Aging promotes reorganization of the CD4 T cell landscape toward extreme regulatory and effector phenotypes. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw8330 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1123_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02111","volume":"7","author":"W Tu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tu, W. & Rao, S. Mechanisms underlying T cell immunosenescence: aging and cytomegalovirus infection. Front. Microbiol. 7, 2111 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"1123_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2318","volume":"8","author":"J Nikolich-\u017dugich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nikolich-\u017dugich, J. Ageing and life-long maintenance of T-cell subsets in the face of latent persistent infections. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 512\u2013522 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03647-4","volume":"595","author":"JS Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner, J. S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans. Nature 595, 421\u2013425 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1123_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8511","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","volume":"369","author":"D Mathew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathew, D. et al. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science 369, eabc8511 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe3024","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3024","volume":"6","author":"PA Mudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mudd, P. A. et al. Distinct inflammatory profiles distinguish COVID-19 from influenza with limited contributions from cytokine storm. Sci. Adv. 6, eabe3024 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1123_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd7114","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd7114","volume":"5","author":"L Kuri-Cervantes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuri-Cervantes, L. et al. Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19. Sci. Immunol. 5, eabd7114 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf7570","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf7570","volume":"6","author":"LA Vella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vella, L. A. et al. Deep immune profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabf7570 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.04.003","volume":"54","author":"A Ramaswamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramaswamy, A. et al. Immune dysregulation and autoreactivity correlate with disease severity in SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Immunity 54, 1083\u20131095.e7 (2021).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1123_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2494","volume":"9","author":"AJ Pollard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pollard, A. J., Perrett, K. P. & Beverley, P. C. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein\u2013polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 213\u2013220 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat2004","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat2004","volume":"11","author":"SCA Nielsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nielsen, S. C. A. et al. Shaping of infant B cell receptor repertoires by environmental factors and infectious disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaat2004 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00645-x","volume":"8","author":"BS Wendel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wendel, B. S. et al. Accurate immune repertoire sequencing reveals malaria infection driven antibody lineage diversification in young children. Nat. Commun. 8, 531 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.045","volume":"174","author":"A Olin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olin, A. et al. Stereotypic immune system development in newborn children. Cell 174, 1277\u20131292.e14 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1123_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, T. et al. Distinct antibody repertoires against endemic human coronaviruses in children and adults. JCI Insight 6, e144499 (2021).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144499"},{"key":"1123_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.01.005","volume":"48","author":"E Goodwin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goodwin, E. et al. Infants infected with respiratory syncytial virus generate potent neutralizing antibodies that lack somatic hypermutation. Immunity 48, 339\u2013349.e5 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1123_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaj1879","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaj1879","volume":"1","author":"MSA Gilman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gilman, M. S. A. et al. Rapid profiling of RSV antibody repertoires from the memory B cells of naturally infected adult donors. Sci. Immunol. 1, eaaj1879\u2013eaaj1879 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meade, P. et al. Influenza virus infection induces a narrow antibody response in children but a broad recall response in adults. mBio 11, e03243-19 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03243-19"},{"key":"1123_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09652-6","volume":"10","author":"S Ranjeva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ranjeva, S. et al. Age-specific differences in the dynamics of protective immunity to influenza. Nat. Commun. 10, 1660 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gostic, K. M., Ambrose, M., Worobey, M. & Lloyd-Smith, J. O. Potent protection against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza via childhood hemagglutinin imprinting. 354, 722\u2013726 (2016).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1322"},{"key":"1123_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17221","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920321117","volume":"117","author":"CP Arevalo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arevalo, C. P. et al. Original antigenic sin priming of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk antibodies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 17221\u201317227 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1123_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23977-1","volume":"12","author":"T Aydillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aydillo, T. et al. Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients. Nat. Commun. 12, 3781 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd4250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4250","volume":"370","author":"E Shrock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shrock, E. et al. Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity. Science 370, eabd4250 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasson, J. M. et al. Diverse humoral immune responses in younger and older adult COVID-19 patients. mBio 12, e01229-21 (2021).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01229-21"},{"key":"1123_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31103-X","volume":"395","author":"L Verdoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verdoni, L. et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet 395, 1771\u20131778 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1123_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31094-1","volume":"395","author":"S Riphagen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riphagen, S., Gomez, X., Gonzalez-Martinez, C., Wilkinson, N. & Theocharis, P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 395, 1607\u20131608 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1123_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viner, R. M. & Whittaker, E. Kawasaki-like disease: emerging complication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 395, 1741\u20131743 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31129-6"},{"key":"1123_CR109","unstructured":"Whittaker, E. et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 324, 259\u2013269 (2020)."},{"key":"1123_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","volume":"383","author":"LR Feldstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feldstein, L. R. et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in US children and adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 334\u2013346 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756","volume":"383","author":"EM Dufort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dufort, E. M. et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 347\u2013358 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR112","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency preparedness and response: multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response https:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/2020\/han00432.asp (2021)."},{"key":"1123_CR113","unstructured":"Feldstein, L. R. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of US children and adolescents with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) compared with severe acute COVID-19. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 325, 1074 (2021)."},{"key":"1123_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00050-X","volume":"5","author":"JY Abrams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abrams, J. Y. et al. Factors linked to severe outcomes in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the USA: a retrospective surveillance study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 5, 323\u2013331 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1123_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210446","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210446","volume":"218","author":"V Sancho-Shimizu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sancho-Shimizu, V. et al. SARS-CoV-2\u2013related MIS-C: a key to the viral and genetic causes of Kawasaki disease? J. Exp. Med. 218, e20210446 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01900","volume":"64","author":"JH Kwak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwak, J. H., Lee, S.-Y. & Choi, J.-W. Clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin. Exp. Pediatr. 64, 68\u201375 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"1123_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1054-6","volume":"26","author":"MJ Carter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carter, M. J. et al. Peripheral immunophenotypes in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Med. 26, 1701\u20131707 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1123_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5942","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141113","volume":"130","author":"PY Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, P. Y. et al. Distinct clinical and immunological features of SARS\u2013CoV-2\u2013induced multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 5942\u20135950 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1123_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.016","volume":"183","author":"CR Consiglio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Consiglio, C. R. et al. The immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19. Cell 183, 968\u2013981.e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1123_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.034","volume":"183","author":"CN Gruber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gruber, C. N. et al. Mapping systemic inflammation and antibody responses in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Cell 183, 982\u2013995.e14 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1123_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021428","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021428","volume":"10","author":"JC Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang, J. C. et al. Skewed cytokine responses rather than the magnitude of the cytokine storm may drive cardiac dysfunction in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 10, e021428 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"1123_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yonker, L. M. et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is driven by zonulin-dependent loss of gut mucosal barrier. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e149633 (2021).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149633"},{"key":"1123_CR123","first-page":"1072","volume":"2","author":"C de Cevins","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Cevins, C. et al. A monocyte\/dendritic cell molecular signature of SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with severe myocarditis. Med. NY 2, 1072\u20131092 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. NY"},{"key":"1123_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140970","volume":"130","author":"C Diorio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diorio, C. et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and COVID-19 are distinct presentations of SARS\u2013CoV-2. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 5967\u20135975 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1123_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146614","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146614","volume":"131","author":"RA Porritt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Porritt, R. A. et al. HLA class I-associated expansion of TRBV11-2 T cells in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e146614 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1123_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabh1516","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abh1516","volume":"6","author":"M Moreews","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moreews, M. et al. Polyclonal expansion of TCR Vb 21.3+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is a hallmark of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabh1516 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25254","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010722117","volume":"117","author":"MH Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, M. H. et al. Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 117, 25254\u201325262 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1123_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg5021","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg5021","volume":"6","author":"S Notarbartolo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Notarbartolo, S. et al. Integrated longitudinal immunophenotypic, transcriptional, and repertoire analyses delineate immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabg5021 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josyabhatla, R. et al. Recognizing a MIS-CHievous cause of acute viral gastroenteritis. Front. Pediatr. 9, 1123 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.748368"},{"key":"1123_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.008","volume":"147","author":"M Noval Rivas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noval Rivas, M., Porritt, R. A., Cheng, M. H., Bahar, I. & Arditi, M. COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): a novel disease that mimics toxic shock syndrome\u2014the superantigen hypothesis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 147, 57\u201359 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669","volume":"369","author":"MM Lamers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamers, M. M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes. Science 369, 50\u201354 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1123_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa161","volume":"10","author":"EM Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson, E. M. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 10, 669\u2013673 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"1123_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256482","volume":"16","author":"SA Lapp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lapp, S. A. et al. Original antigenic sin responses to Betacoronavirus spike proteins are observed in a mouse model, but are not apparent in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS ONE 16, e0256482 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1123_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sermet-Gaudelus, I. et al. Prior infection by seasonal coronaviruses, as assessed by serology, does not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in children, France, April to June 2020. Euro Surveill. 26, 2001782 (2021).","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.13.2001782"},{"key":"1123_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151520","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI151520","volume":"131","author":"RA Porritt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Porritt, R. A. et al. The autoimmune signature of hyperinflammatory multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e151520 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1123_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03234-7","volume":"591","author":"AJ Combes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Combes, A. J. et al. Global absence and targeting of protective immune states in severe COVID-19. Nature 591, 124\u2013130 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1123_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Made, C. I. et al. Presence of genetic variants among young men with severe COVID-19. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 324, 663 (2020).","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13719"},{"key":"1123_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl4348","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl4348","volume":"6","author":"T Asano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asano, T. et al. X-linked recessive TLR7 deficiency in ~1% of men under 60 years old with life-threatening COVID-19. Sci. Immunol. 6, eabl4348 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67569","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67569","volume":"10","author":"C Fallerini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fallerini, C. et al. Association of Toll-like receptor 7 variants with life-threatening COVID-19 disease in males: findings from a nested case-control study. eLife 10, e67569 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1123_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.719115","volume":"12","author":"X Solanich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solanich, X. et al. Genetic screening for TLR7 variants in young and previously healthy men with severe COVID-19. Front. Immunol. 12, 2965 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","volume":"15","author":"M Swiecki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swiecki, M. & Colonna, M. The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 471\u2013485 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw1347","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaw1347","volume":"12","author":"M de Marcken","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Marcken, M., Dhaliwal, K., Danielsen, A. C., Gautron, A. S. & Dominguez-Villar, M. TLR7 and TLR8 activate distinct pathways in monocytes during RNA virus infection. Sci. Signal. 12, eaaw1347 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"1123_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22310","volume":"3","author":"GN Ioannou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ioannou, G. N. et al. Risk factors for hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or death among 10131 US veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e2022310\u2013e2022310 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1123_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19741-6","volume":"11","author":"H Peckham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peckham, H. et al. Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nat. Commun. 11, 6317 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1123_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254066","volume":"16","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, N. T. et al. Male gender is a predictor of higher mortality in hospitalized adults with COVID-19. PLoS ONE16, e0254066 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1123_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.033","volume":"146","author":"PY Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, P. Y. et al. Immune dysregulation and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in individuals with haploinsufficiency of SOCS1. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 146, 1194\u20131200.e1 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.024","volume":"148","author":"J Chou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chou, J. et al. Mechanisms underlying genetic susceptibility to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 148, 732\u2013738.e1 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"1123_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01259-8","volume":"90","author":"FT Bourgeois","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bourgeois, F. T., Avillach, P. & Turner, M. A. The urgent need for research coordination to advance knowledge on COVID-19 in children. Pediatr. Res. 90, 250\u2013252 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"1123_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2787-6","volume":"586","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz-Fontela","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fontela, C. et al. Animal models for COVID-19. Nature 586, 509\u2013515 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nature Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01123-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01123-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01123-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T10:09:17Z","timestamp":1650276557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-021-01123-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-021-01123-9","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.741557469.793592601","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1529-2908","1529-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-2908","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"P. G. T. is on the scientific advisory board of Immunoscape and Cytoagents. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}