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Here we show that B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cell differentiation, unlike non-B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cells, relies on mitochondrial electron transport and homeostatic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that <jats:italic>TXN<\/jats:italic>, encoding the metabolic redox protein thioredoxin (Trx), is highly expressed by B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cells, unlike Trx inhibitor <jats:italic>TXNIP<\/jats:italic> which was downregulated. Pharmacological inhibition or gene silencing of <jats:italic>TXN<\/jats:italic> resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and increased ROS levels, selectively suppressing B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cell differentiation and function while favoring pro-inflammatory B cell differentiation. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cell deficiencies, present with B cell mitochondrial membrane depolarization, elevated ROS and fewer Trx<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells. Exogenous Trx stimulation restored B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cells and mitochondrial membrane polarization in SLE B cells to healthy B cell levels, indicating Trx insufficiency underlies B<jats:sub>reg<\/jats:sub> cell impairment in patients with SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01798-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T11:01:54Z","timestamp":1711710114000},"page":"873-885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Thioredoxin is a metabolic rheostat controlling regulatory B cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6827-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah F.","family":"Bradford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C. 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