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Here we quantify interactive effects of genotype and environment on immune traits by investigating C57BL\/6, 129S1 and PWK\/PhJ inbred mice, rewilded in an outdoor enclosure and infected with the parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Whereas cellular composition was shaped by interactions between genotype and environment, cytokine response heterogeneity including IFN\u03b3 concentrations was primarily driven by genotype with consequence on worm burden. In addition, we show that other traits, such as expression of CD44, were explained mostly by genetics on T cells, whereas expression of CD44 on B cells was explained more by environment across all strains. Notably, genetic differences under laboratory conditions were decreased following rewilding. These results indicate that nonheritable influences interact with genetic factors to shape immune variation and parasite burden.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01862-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T06:04:10Z","timestamp":1718345050000},"page":"1270-1282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Genetic and environmental interactions contribute to immune variation in rewilded mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyebola","family":"Oyesola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Downie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramya S.","family":"Barre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasalina","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Zaldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5454-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6922-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Oliveira Silva","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergei B.","family":"Koralov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5860-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Cadwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u2019ng","family":"Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1862_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.10.053","volume":"17","author":"R Aguirre-Gamboa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aguirre-Gamboa, R. et al. 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K.C. has consulted for or received an honorarium from Puretech Health, Genentech and Abbvie. K.C. is an inventor on US patent 10,722,600 and provisional patents 62\/935,035 and 63\/157,225. S.B.K. acknowledges funding from Micreos and KymeraTx in the past 3\u2009years. P.L. and O.O. are federal employees. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}