{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T18:44:16Z","timestamp":1794422656730,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK110559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK110559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK110559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK110559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK110559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK110559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM128618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM128618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02227-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:19:19Z","timestamp":1753089559000},"page":"1246-1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The role of gut microbial metabolites in the T cell lifecycle"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1540-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun R.","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Sloan","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4517","volume":"24","author":"JA Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert, J. A. et al. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat. Med. 24, 392\u2013400 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.009","volume":"4","author":"II Ivanov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ivanov, I. I. et al. Specific microbiota direct the differentiation of IL-17-producing T-helper cells in the mucosa of the small intestine. Cell Host Microbe 4, 337\u2013349 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9420","volume":"349","author":"E Sefik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sefik, E. et al. Individual intestinal symbionts induce a distinct population of ROR\u03b3+ regulatory T cells. Science 349, 993\u2013997 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4263","volume":"349","author":"C Ohnmacht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohnmacht, C. et al. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through ROR\u03b3t+ T cells. Science 349, 989\u2013993 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.002","volume":"51","author":"A Bachem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bachem, A. et al. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote the memory potential of antigen-activated CD8+ T cells. Immunity 51, 285\u2013297 (2019).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1329","volume":"350","author":"M V\u00e9tizou","year":"2015","unstructured":"V\u00e9tizou, M. et al. Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota. Science 350, 1079\u20131084 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00911-8","volume":"24","author":"KM Ashby","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashby, K. M. & Hogquist, K. A. A guide to thymic selection of T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 24, 103\u2013117 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900662","volume":"203","author":"DL Owen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Owen, D. L., Sjaastad, L. E. & Farrar, M. A. Regulatory T cell development in the thymus. J. Immunol. 203, 2031\u20132041 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2719","volume":"366","author":"F Legoux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Legoux, F. et al. Microbial metabolites control the thymic development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Science 366, 494\u2013499 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03531-1","volume":"594","author":"DF Zegarra-Ruiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zegarra-Ruiz, D. F. et al. Thymic development of gut-microbiota-specific T cells. Nature 594, 413\u2013417 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02779175","volume":"19","author":"M Tsuchiya","year":"1984","unstructured":"Tsuchiya, M. Immunological abnormalities involving the thymus in ulcerative colitis and therapeutic effects of thymectomy. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 19, 232\u2013246 (1984).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Jpn."},{"key":"2227_CR12","first-page":"137","volume":"31","author":"Y Mizuno","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mizuno, Y. et al. Inflammatory bowel diseases and thymus disorder: reactivity of thymocytes with monoclonal antibodies. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll. 31, 137\u2013141 (1990).","journal-title":"Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll."},{"key":"2227_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01923.x","volume":"65","author":"MF Fredin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fredin, M. F. et al. Dextran sulfate sodium\u2010induced colitis generates a transient thymic involution \u2014 impact on thymocyte subsets. Scand. J. Immunol. 65, 421\u2013429 (2007).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-008-9081-3","volume":"31","author":"S Sasaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sasaki, S., Ishida, Y., Nishio, N., Ito, S. & Isobe, K. Thymic involution correlates with severe ulcerative colitis induced by oral administration of dextran sulphate sodium in C57BL\/6 mice but not in BALB\/c mice. Inflammation 31, 319\u2013328 (2008).","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"2227_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091540209","volume":"154","author":"M Bealmear","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bealmear, M. & Wilson, R. Histological comparison of the thymus of germfree (axenic) and conventional CFW mice. Anat. Rec. 154, 261\u2013273 (1966).","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"2227_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-118-29766","volume":"118","author":"R Wilson","year":"1965","unstructured":"Wilson, R., Bealmear, M. & Sobonya, R. Growth and regression of the germfree (axenic) thymus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 118, 97\u201399 (1965).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2227_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02123870","volume":"175","author":"D van der Waaij","year":"1986","unstructured":"van der Waaij, D. The influence of the intestinal microflora on the relative thymus weight. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 175, 335\u2013340 (1986).","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915047117","volume":"117","author":"M Ennamorati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ennamorati, M. et al. Intestinal microbes influence development of thymic lymphocytes in early life. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 2570\u20132578 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2227_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105904","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105904","volume":"9","author":"A Nakajima","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakajima, A. et al. Commensal bacteria regulate thymic Aire expression. PLoS ONE 9, e105904 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2227_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700248","volume":"199","author":"A Nakajima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakajima, A. et al. Maternal high fiber diet during pregnancy and lactation influences regulatory T cell differentiation in offspring in mice. J. Immunol. 199, 3516\u20133524 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01433","volume":"422","author":"E Treiner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Treiner, E. et al. Selection of evolutionarily conserved mucosal-associated invariant T cells by MR1. Nature 422, 164\u2013169 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30204","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.685990","volume":"290","author":"SBG Eckle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eckle, S. B. G. et al. Recognition of vitamin B precursors and byproducts by mucosal associated invariant T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 290, 30204\u201330211 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2227_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","volume":"54","author":"G Besten","year":"2013","unstructured":"Besten, G. et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 54, 2325\u20132340 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"2227_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.63.6.1256","volume":"63","author":"R Fredriksson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fredriksson, R., Lagerstr\u00f6m, M. C., Lundin, L.-G. & Schi\u00f6th, H. B. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 1256\u20131272 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2227_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0106-7","volume":"1","author":"AT Ehrlich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ehrlich, A. T. et al. Expression map of 78 brain-expressed mouse orphan GPCRs provides a translational resource for neuropsychiatric research. Commun. Biol. 1, 102 (2018).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2227_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.08.040","volume":"135","author":"JB Regard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Regard, J. B., Sato, I. T. & Coughlin, S. R. Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell 135, 561\u2013571 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.07.002","volume":"26","author":"DA Colosimo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colosimo, D. A. et al. Mapping interactions of microbial metabolites with human G-protein-coupled receptors. Cell Host Microbe 26, 273\u2013282 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2227_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0009-9104.2002.01977.x","volume":"130","author":"AL Millard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Millard, A. L. et al. Butyrate affects differentiation, maturation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 130, 245\u2013255 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","volume":"20","author":"A Trompette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trompette, A. et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat. Med. 20, 159\u2013166 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","volume":"18","author":"E Mari\u00f1o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mari\u00f1o, E. et al. Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes. Nat. Immunol. 18, 552\u2013562 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.007","volume":"40","author":"N Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh, N. et al. Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immunity 40, 128\u2013139 (2014).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M020313","volume":"53","author":"JM Ridlon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ridlon, J. M. & Hylemon, P. B. Identification and characterization of two bile acid coenzyme A transferases from Clostridium scindens, a bile acid 7\u03b1-dehydroxylating intestinal bacterium. J. Lipid Res. 53, 66\u201376 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"2227_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109726","volume":"36","author":"J Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, J. et al. Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acids regulate dendritic cells to attenuate autoimmune uveitis through TGR5 signaling. Cell Rep. 36, 109726 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2193-0","volume":"581","author":"C Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell, C. et al. Bacterial metabolism of bile acids promotes generation of peripheral regulatory T cells. Nature 581, 475\u2013479 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.013","volume":"29","author":"W Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. A bacterial bile acid metabolite modulates Treg activity through the nuclear hormone receptor NR4A1. Cell Host Microbe 29, 1366\u20131377 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2227_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04480-z","volume":"603","author":"D Paik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paik, D. et al. Human gut bacteria produce \u03a4\u039717-modulating bile acid metabolites. Nature 603, 907\u2013912 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.021","volume":"27","author":"SR Sinha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinha, S. R. et al. Dysbiosis-induced secondary bile acid deficiency promotes intestinal inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 27, 659\u2013670 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2227_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03330-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03330-22","volume":"11","author":"C Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Li, C., Xie, Z. & Dai, L. Amelioration of colitis by a gut bacterial consortium producing anti-inflammatory secondary bile acids. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e03330-22 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"2227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.10.014","volume":"223","author":"S Ghimire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghimire, S. et al. Indoxyl 3-sulfate inhibits maturation and activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunobiology 223, 239\u2013245 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.006","volume":"55","author":"K Hezaveh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hezaveh, K. et al. Tryptophan-derived microbial metabolites activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in tumor-associated macrophages to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Immunity 55, 324\u2013340 (2022).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2227_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103227","volume":"64","author":"P-X Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen, P.-X. et al. Urolithin A ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor. eBioMedicine 64, 103227 (2021).","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"2227_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x","volume":"34","author":"J Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. & Lee, J. Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 34, 426\u2013444 (2010).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2227_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.055095-0","volume":"64","author":"MV Selma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Selma, M. V., Tom\u00e1s-Barber\u00e1n, F. A., Beltr\u00e1n, D., Garc\u00eda-Villalba, R. & Esp\u00edn, J. C. Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens sp. nov., a urolithin-producing bacterium isolated from the human gut. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64, 2346\u20132352 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"2227_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01521","volume":"08","author":"MV Selma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Selma, M. V. et al. Isolation of human intestinal bacteria capable of producing the bioactive metabolite isourolithin A from ellagic acid. Front. Microbiol. 08, 1521 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2227_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56266-2","volume":"16","author":"R Pidgeon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pidgeon, R. et al. Diet-derived urolithin A is produced by a dehydroxylase encoded by human gut Enterocloster species. Nat. Commun. 16, 999 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2227_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003990","volume":"136","author":"K Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, K. et al. The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide aggravates GVHD by inducing M1 macrophage polarization in mice. Blood 136, 501\u2013515 (2020).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2227_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02966","volume":"10","author":"S Rath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rath, S., Rud, T., Pieper, D. H. & Vital, M. Potential TMA-producing bacteria are ubiquitously found in Mammalia. Front. Microbiol. 10, 2966 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2227_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215689109","volume":"109","author":"S Craciun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Craciun, S. & Balskus, E. P. Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 21307\u201321312 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2227_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn0704","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn0704","volume":"7","author":"G Mirji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mirji, G. et al. The microbiome-derived metabolite TMAO drives immune activation and boosts responses to immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer. Sci. Immunol. 7, eabn0704 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.4358","volume":"33","author":"MA Postow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postow, M. A., Callahan, M. K. & Wolchok, J. D. Immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 1974\u20131982 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"2227_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.112","volume":"18","author":"MN Wykes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wykes, M. N. & Lewin, S. R. Immune checkpoint blockade in infectious diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 91\u2013104 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646875","volume":"47","author":"L Dyck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dyck, L. & Mills, K. H. G. Immune checkpoints and their inhibition in cancer and infectious diseases. Eur. J. Immunol. 47, 765\u2013779 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000239","volume":"39","author":"EI Buchbinder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buchbinder, E. I. & Desai, A. CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 39, 98\u2013106 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"2227_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5336","volume":"357","author":"AL Steed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steed, A. L. et al. The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon. Science 357, 498\u2013502 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163659","volume":"15","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Lactiplantibacillus pentoses CCFM1227 produces desaminotyrosine to protect against influenza virus H1N1 infection through the type I interferon in mice. Nutrients 15, 3659 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2227_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23844","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400638R","volume":"38","author":"J Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Han, J., Wei, Y. & Wang, Y. Desaminotyrosine is a redox\u2010active microbial metabolite that bolsters macrophage antimicrobial functions while attenuating IL\u20106 production. FASEB J. 38, e23844 (2024).","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2227_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104834","volume":"97","author":"L Joachim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joachim, L. et al. The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine enhances T-cell priming and cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. eBioMedicine 97, 104834 (2023).","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"2227_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07240","volume":"455","author":"K Atarashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atarashi, K. et al. ATP drives lamina propria TH17 cell differentiation. Nature 455, 808\u2013812 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.04.015","volume":"35","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived indole-3-lactic acid ameliorates colorectal tumorigenesis via epigenetic regulation of CD8+ T cell immunity. Cell Metab. 35, 943\u2013960 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2227_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45340-8","volume":"13","author":"R Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, R. et al. Short chain fatty acids facilitate protective immunity by macrophages and T cells during acute fowl adenovirus-4 infection. Sci. Rep. 13, 17999 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5794","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16945","volume":"290","author":"T Inamoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inamoto, T. et al. Short\u2010chain fatty acids stimulate dendrite elongation in dendritic cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase. FEBS J. 290, 5794\u20135810 (2023).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2227_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0266071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266071","volume":"17","author":"B F\u00f6h","year":"2022","unstructured":"F\u00f6h, B. et al. Microbial metabolite butyrate promotes induction of IL-10+IgM+ plasma cells. PLoS ONE 17, e0266071 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2227_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402898","volume":"195","author":"P Hsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsu, P. et al. IL-10 potentiates differentiation of human induced regulatory T cells via STAT3 and Foxo1. J. Immunol. 195, 3665\u20133674 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914500107","volume":"107","author":"DG Brooks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brooks, D. G., Walsh, K. B., Elsaesser, H. & Oldstone, M. B. A. IL-10 directly suppresses CD4 but not CD8 T cell effector and memory responses following acute viral infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 3018\u20133023 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2227_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28048-y","volume":"8","author":"C Martin-Gallausiaux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin-Gallausiaux, C. et al. Butyrate produced by gut commensal bacteria activates TGF-\u03b21 expression through the transcription factor SP1 in human intestinal epithelial cells. Sci. Rep. 8, 9742 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.056","volume":"145","author":"MH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, M. H., Kang, S. G., Park, J. H., Yanagisawa, M. & Kim, C. H. Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice. Gastroenterology 145, 396\u2013406 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2227_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","volume":"341","author":"PM Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, P. M. et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 341, 569\u2013573 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3421","volume":"369","author":"LF Mager","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mager, L. F. et al. Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Science 369, 1481\u20131489 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00304","volume":"5","author":"A Ohta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ohta, A. & Sitkovsky, M. Extracellular adenosine-mediated modulation of regulatory T cells. Front. Immunol. 5, 304 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05344.x","volume":"113","author":"E Barrett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barrett, E., Ross, R. P., O\u2019Toole, P. W., Fitzgerald, G. F. & Stanton, C. \u03b3-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine. J. Appl. Microbiol. 113, 411\u2013417 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"2227_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656895","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.656895","volume":"12","author":"N Otaru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Otaru, N. et al. GABA production by human intestinal Bacteroides spp.: prevalence, regulation, and role in acid stress tolerance. Front. Microbiol. 12, 656895 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2227_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23874","volume":"549","author":"LJ Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen, L. J. et al. Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules. Nature 549, 48\u201353 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.036","volume":"177","author":"H Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. A forward chemical genetic screen reveals gut microbiota metabolites that modulate host physiology. Cell 177, 1217\u20131231 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2227_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176715","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176715","volume":"12","author":"TWH Pols","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pols, T. W. H. et al. Lithocholic acid controls adaptive immune responses by inhibition of TH1 activation through the vitamin D receptor. PLoS ONE 12, e0176715 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2227_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1865-0","volume":"577","author":"X Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, X. et al. Microbial bile acid metabolites modulate gut ROR\u03b3+ regulatory T cell homeostasis. Nature 577, 410\u2013415 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1785-z","volume":"576","author":"S Hang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hang, S. et al. Bile acid metabolites control TH17 and Treg cell differentiation. Nature 576, 143\u2013148 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salsinha, A. S., Pimentel, L. L., Fontes, A. L., Gomes, A. M. & Rodr\u00edguez-Alcal\u00e1, L. M. Microbial production of conjugated linoleic acid and conjugated linolenic acid relies on a multienzymatic system. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 82, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mmbr.00019-18 (2018).","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00019-18"},{"key":"2227_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06265-4","volume":"619","author":"X Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song, X. et al. Gut microbial fatty acid isomerization modulates intraepithelial T cells. Nature 619, 837\u2013843 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5825","volume":"357","author":"L Cervantes-Barragan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cervantes-Barragan, L. et al. Lactobacillus reuteri induces gut intraepithelial CD4+CD8\u03b1\u03b1+ T cells. Science 357, 806\u2013810 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.12.012","volume":"48","author":"C Guti\u00e9rrez-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-V\u00e1zquez, C. & Quintana, F. J. Regulation of the immune response by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Immunity 48, 19\u201333 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2227_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111963","volume":"42","author":"JW Dean","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dean, J. W. et al. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor cell intrinsically promotes resident memory CD8+ T cell differentiation and function. Cell Rep. 42, 111963 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08750","volume":"463","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. et al. Role of conserved non-coding DNA elements in the Foxp3 gene in regulatory T-cell fate. Nature 463, 808\u2013812 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.08.002","volume":"19","author":"M Waldecker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Waldecker, M., Kautenburger, T., Daumann, H., Busch, C. & Schrenk, D. Inhibition of histone-deacetylase activity by short-chain fatty acids and some polyphenol metabolites formed in the colon. J. Nutr. Biochem. 19, 587\u2013593 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"2227_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44","volume":"8","author":"J Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, J. et al. Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR\u2013S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunol. 8, 80\u201393 (2015).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","volume":"504","author":"N Arpaia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arpaia, N. et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature 504, 451\u2013455 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","volume":"504","author":"Y Furusawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furusawa, Y. et al. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 504, 446\u2013450 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.002","volume":"33","author":"Y He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He, Y. et al. Gut microbial metabolites facilitate anticancer therapy efficacy by modulating cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immunity. Cell Metab. 33, 988\u20131000 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2227_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32860-x","volume":"8","author":"M Luu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luu, M. et al. Regulation of the effector function of CD8+ T cells by gut microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate. Sci. Rep. 8, 14430 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01632","volume":"8","author":"L Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, L., Fu, J. & Zhou, Y. Metabolism controls the balance of TH17\/T-regulatory cells. Front. Immunol. 8, 1632 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.016","volume":"153","author":"C-H Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang, C.-H. et al. Posttranscriptional control of T cell effector function by aerobic glycolysis. Cell 153, 1239\u20131251 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2227_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6284","volume":"354","author":"M Peng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peng, M. et al. Aerobic glycolysis promotes T helper 1 cell differentiation through an epigenetic mechanism. Science 354, 481\u2013484 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2005","volume":"12","author":"GM Delgoffe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delgoffe, G. M. et al. The kinase mTOR regulates the differentiation of helper T cells through the selective activation of signaling by mTORC1 and mTORC2. Nat. Immunol. 12, 295\u2013303 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadj4775","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adj4775","volume":"9","author":"KZ Sanidad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanidad, K. Z. et al. Gut bacteria-derived serotonin promotes immune tolerance in early life. Sci. Immunol. 9, eadj4775 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00233","volume":"2","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matsumoto, M. et al. Impact of intestinal microbiota on intestinal luminal metabolome. Sci. Rep. 2, 233 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22212-1","volume":"12","author":"A Nakamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakamura, A. et al. Symbiotic polyamine metabolism regulates epithelial proliferation and macrophage differentiation in the colon. Nat. Commun. 12, 2105 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2227_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.037","volume":"147","author":"GM Carriche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carriche, G. M. et al. Regulating T-cell differentiation through the polyamine spermidine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 147, 335\u2013348 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08711-2","volume":"10","author":"M Luu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luu, M. et al. The short-chain fatty acid pentanoate suppresses autoimmunity by modulating the metabolic\u2013epigenetic crosstalk in lymphocytes. Nat. Commun. 10, 760 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2227_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022","volume":"48","author":"A Trompette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trompette, A. et al. Dietary fiber confers protection against flu by shaping Ly6c\u2212 patrolling monocyte hematopoiesis and CD8+ T cell metabolism. Immunity 48, 992\u20131005 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2227_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.022","volume":"27","author":"J Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu, J. et al. Acetate promotes T cell effector function during glucose restriction. Cell Rep. 27, 2063\u20132074 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2227_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05901-2","volume":"9","author":"M Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, M. et al. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote Th1 cell IL-10 production to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Nat. Commun. 9, 3555 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2227_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-015-0194-3","volume":"22","author":"AV Belikov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belikov, A. V., Schraven, B. & Simeoni, L. T cells and reactive oxygen species. J. Biomed. Sci. 22, 85 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"2227_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5433","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5433","volume":"181","author":"D Kamimura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamimura, D. & Bevan, M. J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulator XBP-1 contributes to effector CD8+ T cell differentiation during acute infection. J. Immunol. 181, 5433\u20135441 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl4100","volume":"387","author":"SK Varanasi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varanasi, S. K. et al. Bile acid synthesis impedes tumor-specific T cell responses during liver cancer. Science 387, 192\u2013201 (2025).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02692","volume":"9","author":"MD Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, M. D. & Badovinac, V. P. Defining memory CD8 T cell. Front. Immunol. 9, 2692 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01510-4","volume":"24","author":"M K\u00fcnzli","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u00fcnzli, M. & Masopust, D. CD4+ T cell memory. Nat. Immunol. 24, 903\u2013914 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1792","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.162","volume":"6","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Li, Y. & Zhu, B. T-cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Death Dis. 6, e1792 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"2227_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535244","volume":"36","author":"S \u00d6stman","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u00d6stman, S., Rask, C., Wold, A. E., Hultkrantz, S. & Telemo, E. Impaired regulatory T cell function in germ-free mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 36, 2336\u20132346 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2227_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01150.x","volume":"249","author":"GJW van der Windt","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Windt, G. J. W. & Pearce, E. L. Metabolic switching and fuel choice during T-cell differentiation and memory development. Immunol. Rev. 249, 27\u201342 (2012).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2227_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.03.016","volume":"44","author":"ML Balmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balmer, M. L. et al. Memory CD8+ T cells require increased concentrations of acetate induced by stress for optimal function. Immunity 44, 1312\u20131324 (2016).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2227_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","volume":"359","author":"B Routy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Routy, B. et al. Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science 359, 91\u201397 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4236","volume":"359","author":"V Gopalakrishnan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan, V. et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science 359, 97\u2013103 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06026-3","volume":"617","author":"JS Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park, J. S. et al. Targeting PD-L2-RGMb overcomes microbiome-related immunotherapy resistance. Nature 617, 377\u2013385 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2227_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.011","volume":"186","author":"MJ Bender","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bender, M. J. et al. Dietary tryptophan metabolite released by intratumoral Lactobacillus reuteri facilitates immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Cell 186, 1846\u20131862 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2227_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj3510","volume":"378","author":"M Al-Habsi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Habsi, M. et al. Spermidine activates mitochondrial trifunctional protein and improves antitumor immunity in mice. Science 378, eabj3510 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2227_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202895","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2895","volume":"3","author":"M Nomura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nomura, M. et al. Association of short-chain fatty acids in the gut microbiome with clinical response to treatment with nivolumab or pembrolizumab in patients with solid cancer tumors. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e202895 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2227_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.022","volume":"187","author":"D Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia, D. et al. Microbial metabolite enhances immunotherapy efficacy by modulating T cell stemness in pan-cancer. Cell 187, 1651\u20131665 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2227_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16079-x","volume":"11","author":"C Coutzac","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coutzac, C. et al. Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer. Nat. Commun. 11, 2168 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Nature Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-025-02227-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-025-02227-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-025-02227-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T12:42:37Z","timestamp":1757248957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-025-02227-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-025-02227-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-2908","1529-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-2908","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.S.D. is a consultant for Axial Therapeutics. J.R.H. is a consultant for CJ CheilJedang, hy and Interon Laboratories and an advisor on the Samsung Bio Advisory Board. M.T. declares no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}