{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:37:43Z","timestamp":1793417863527,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-026-02436-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:02:10Z","timestamp":1772618530000},"page":"776-785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["HLA class I signal peptide variation predicts strength of NKG2A+ NK cell response to missing-self and risk of human disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zhansong","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arman A.","family":"Bashirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cian","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Viard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minzhong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan","family":"Hildesheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1530-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Rioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfredo","family":"Garcia-Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2436_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1582","volume":"9","author":"E Vivier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vivier, E., Tomasello, E., Baratin, M., Walzer, T. & Ugolini, S. Functions of natural killer cells. Nat. Immunol. 9, 503\u2013510 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0206-4","volume":"16","author":"S Sivori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sivori, S. et al. Human NK cells: surface receptors, inhibitory checkpoints, and translational applications. Cell Mol. Immunol. 16, 430\u2013441 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198687","volume":"331","author":"E Vivier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vivier, E. et al. Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science 331, 44\u201349 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.01.006","volume":"30","author":"P Brodin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brodin, P., Karre, K. & Hoglund, P. NK cell education: not an on-off switch but a tunable rheostat. Trends Immunol. 30, 143\u2013149 (2009).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02060-9","volume":"22","author":"MA Cooper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cooper, M. A., Fehniger, T. A. & Caligiuri, M. A. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol. 22, 633\u2013640 (2001).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-143727","volume":"112","author":"M Yawata","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yawata, M. et al. MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors and their ligands structure diverse human NK-cell repertoires toward a balance of missing self-response. Blood 112, 2369\u20132380 (2008).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, R. et al. CD56bright cells differ in their KIR repertoire and cytotoxic features from CD56dim NK cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 3121\u20133127 (2001).","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<3121::AID-IMMU3121>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"2436_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaag1672","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aag1672","volume":"1","author":"A Horowitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horowitz, A. et al. Class I HLA haplotypes form two schools that educate NK cells in different ways. Sci. Immunol. 1, eaag1672 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.06.013","volume":"25","author":"N Anfossi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anfossi, N. et al. Human NK cell education by inhibitory receptors for MHC class I. Immunity 25, 331\u2013342 (2006).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2436_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.12.001","volume":"39","author":"JE Boudreau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boudreau, J. E. & Hsu, K. C. Natural killer cell education and the response to infection and cancer therapy: stay tuned. Trends Immunol. 39, 222\u2013239 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199809)28:09<2854::AID-IMMU2854>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"28","author":"M Llano","year":"1998","unstructured":"Llano, M. et al. HLA-E-bound peptides influence recognition by inhibitory and triggering CD94\/NKG2 receptors: preferential response to an HLA-G-derived nonamer. Eur. J. Immunol. 28, 2854\u20132863 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.15.4250","volume":"18","author":"M Vales-Gomez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vales-Gomez, M., Reyburn, H. T., Erskine, R. A., Lopez-Botet, M. & Strominger, J. L. Kinetics and peptide dependency of the binding of the inhibitory NK receptor CD94\/NKG2-A and the activating receptor CD94\/NKG2-C to HLA-E. EMBO J. 18, 4250\u20134260 (1999).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2436_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.3.1369","volume":"171","author":"JD Miller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miller, J. D. et al. Analysis of HLA-E peptide-binding specificity and contact residues in bound peptide required for recognition by CD94\/NKG2. J. Immunol. 171, 1369\u20131375 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.5.2878","volume":"174","author":"BK Kaiser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaiser, B. K. et al. Interactions between NKG2x immunoreceptors and HLA-E ligands display overlapping affinities and thermodynamics. J. Immunol. 174, 2878\u20132884 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.5.813","volume":"187","author":"F Borrego","year":"1998","unstructured":"Borrego, F., Ulbrecht, M., Weiss, E. H., Coligan, J. E. & Brooks, A. G. Recognition of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E complexed with HLA class I signal sequence-derived peptides by CD94\/NKG2 confers protection from natural killer cell-mediated lysis. J. Exp. Med. 187, 813\u2013818 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2436_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/35869","volume":"391","author":"VM Braud","year":"1998","unstructured":"Braud, V. M. et al. HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94\/NKG2A, B and C. Nature 391, 795\u2013799 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.10.4951","volume":"160","author":"N Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee, N., Goodlett, D. R., Ishitani, A., Marquardt, H. & Geraghty, D. E. HLA-E surface expression depends on binding of TAP-dependent peptides derived from certain HLA class I signal sequences. J. Immunol. 160, 4951\u20134960 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01523-z","volume":"24","author":"Z Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, Z. et al. HLA class I signal peptide polymorphism determines the level of CD94\/NKG2-HLA-E-mediated regulation of effector cell responses. Nat. Immunol. 24, 1087\u20131097 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097282","volume":"9","author":"PA Gourraud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gourraud, P. A. et al. HLA diversity in the 1000 genomes dataset. PLoS ONE 9, e97282 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2436_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, J. A. et al. CD56bright NK cells exhibit potent antitumor responses following IL-15 priming. J. Clin. Invest. 127, 4042\u20134058 (2017).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90387"},{"key":"2436_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, T. M. & Fisher, R. I. Functional heterogeneity of Leu 19\u2018bright\u2019+ and Leu 19\u2018dim\u2019+ lymphokine-activated killer cells. J. Immunol. 142, 2949\u20132954 (1989).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.8.2949"},{"key":"2436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.5.1527","volume":"171","author":"A Nagler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nagler, A., Lanier, L. L. & Phillips, J. H. Constitutive expression of high affinity interleukin 2 receptors on human CD16-natural killer cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1527\u20131533 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.802906","volume":"13","author":"M Gurney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gurney, M., Kundu, S., Pandey, S. & O\u2019Dwyer, M. Feeder cells at the interface of natural killer cell activation, expansion and gene editing. Front. Immunol. 13, 802906 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romagnani, C. et al. CD56brightCD16- killer Ig-like receptor\u2212 NK cells display longer telomeres and acquire features of CD56dim NK cells upon activation. J. Immunol. 178, 4947\u20134955 (2007).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.4947"},{"key":"2436_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01883-0","volume":"25","author":"L Rebuffet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rebuffet, L. et al. High-dimensional single-cell analysis of human natural killer cell heterogeneity. Nat. Immunol. 25, 1474\u20131488 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2013.00299","volume":"3","author":"WH Su","year":"2013","unstructured":"Su, W. H., Hildesheim, A. & Chang, Y. S. Human leukocyte antigens and Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: old associations offer new clues into the role of immunity in infection-associated cancers. Front. Oncol. 3, 299 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"2436_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003103","volume":"8","author":"M Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tang, M. et al. The principal genetic determinants for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China involve the HLA class I antigen recognition groove. PLoS Genet. 8, e1003103 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2436_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.601","volume":"42","author":"JX Bei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bei, J. X. et al. A genome-wide association study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma identifies three new susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet. 42, 599\u2013603 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2436_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.07.007","volume":"85","author":"KP Tse","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tse, K. P. et al. Genome-wide association study reveals multiple nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated loci within the HLA region at chromosome 6p21.3. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 85, 194\u2013203 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2436_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.140","volume":"6","author":"LJ Hall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hall, L. J. et al. Natural killer cells protect mice from DSS-induced colitis by regulating neutrophil function via the NKG2A receptor. Mucosal. Immunol. 6, 1016\u20131026 (2013).","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000024","volume":"4","author":"MM Fernando","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fernando, M. M. et al. Defining the role of the MHC in autoimmunity: a review and pooled analysis. PLoS Genet. 4, e1000024 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2436_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.5.1509","volume":"171","author":"MA Caligiuri","year":"1990","unstructured":"Caligiuri, M. A. et al. Functional consequences of interleukin 2 receptor expression on resting human lymphocytes. Identification of a novel natural killer cell subset with high affinity receptors. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1509\u20131526 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2436_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, M. A. et al. Human natural killer cells: a unique innate immunoregulatory role for the CD56bright subset. Blood 97, 3146\u20133151 (2001).","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.10.3146"},{"key":"2436_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6477","volume":"166","author":"JJ Campbell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campbell, J. J. et al. Unique subpopulations of CD56+ NK and NK-T peripheral blood lymphocytes identified by chemokine receptor expression repertoire. J. Immunol. 166, 6477\u20136482 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey, M. et al. Differential expression and function of L-selectin on CD56bright and CD56dim natural killer cell subsets. J. Immunol. 161, 400\u2013408 (1998).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.1.400"},{"key":"2436_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehniger, T. A. et al. CD56bright natural killer cells are present in human lymph nodes and are activated by T cell-derived IL-2: a potential new link between adaptive and innate immunity. Blood 101, 3052\u20133057 (2003).","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2876"},{"key":"2436_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024013508","volume":"8","author":"JB Le Luduec","year":"2024","unstructured":"Le Luduec, J. B. et al. Polygenic polymorphism is associated with NKG2A repertoire and influences lymphocyte phenotype and function. Blood Adv. 8, 5382\u20135399 (2024).","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"2436_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00558-3","volume":"22","author":"NK Bjorkstrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bjorkstrom, N. K., Strunz, B. & Ljunggren, H. G. Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 22, 112\u2013123 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.11.018","volume":"57","author":"T Torcellan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torcellan, T. et al. Circulating NK cells establish tissue residency upon acute infection of skin and mediate accelerated effector responses to secondary infection. Immunity 57, 124\u2013140 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2436_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braud, V. M., Allan, D. S., Wilson, D. & McMichael, A. J. TAP- and tapasin-dependent HLA-E surface expression correlates with the binding of an MHC class I leader peptide. Curr. Biol. 8, 1\u201310 (1998).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70014-4"},{"key":"2436_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62267-5","volume":"166","author":"J Nattermann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nattermann, J. et al. The HLA-A2 restricted T cell epitope HCV core 35-44 stabilizes HLA-E expression and inhibits cytolysis mediated by natural killer cells. Am. J. Pathol. 166, 443\u2013453 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2436_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000107","volume":"10","author":"J Nattermann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nattermann, J. et al. HIV-1 infection leads to increased HLA-E expression resulting in impaired function of natural killer cells. Antivir. Ther. 10, 95\u2013107 (2005).","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"2436_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9475","volume":"351","author":"SG Hansen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hansen, S. G. et al. Broadly targeted CD8+ T\u2009cell responses restricted by major histocompatibility complex E. Science 351, 714\u2013720 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2436_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2095","volume":"26","author":"L Borst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borst, L., van der Burg, S. H. & van Hall, T. The NKG2A-HLA-E axis as a novel checkpoint in the tumor microenvironment. Clin. Cancer Res. 26, 5549\u20135556 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"2436_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00064-4","volume":"24","author":"VM Braud","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braud, V. M., Aldemir, H., Breart, B. & Ferlin, W. G. Expression of CD94-NKG2A inhibitory receptor is restricted to a subset of CD8+ T\u2009cells. Trends Immunol. 24, 162\u2013164 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2436_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00633-8","volume":"14","author":"LV Jorgensen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jorgensen, L. V., Christensen, E. B., Barnkob, M. B. & Barington, T. The clinical landscape of CAR NK cells. Exp. Hematol. Oncol. 14, 46 (2025).","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"2436_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.03.018","volume":"41","author":"P Motallebnejad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motallebnejad, P., Kantardjieff, A., Cichocki, F., Azarin, S. M. & Hu, W. S. Process engineering of natural killer cell-based immunotherapy. Trends Biotechnol. 41, 1314\u20131326 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"2436_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06945-1","volume":"626","author":"E Vivier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vivier, E. et al. Natural killer cell therapies. Nature 626, 727\u2013736 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2436_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson, G. W. nilsboar\/Lin-et-al-2026-custom-code: v0.1. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.18140231 (2026).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.18140231"}],"container-title":["Nature Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-026-02436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-026-02436-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-026-02436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:00:44Z","timestamp":1775059244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41590-026-02436-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-026-02436-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-2908","1529-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-2908","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}