{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:22:21Z","timestamp":1792790541401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0441-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T12:03:42Z","timestamp":1558353822000},"page":"977-987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["IFN-\u03b3-independent immune markers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lenette L.","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malisa T.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystle K. Q.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Luedemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd J.","family":"Suscovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia S.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya R.","family":"McKitrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Lauffenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet","family":"Mayanja-Kizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Hawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Henry","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7565-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Fortune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2783-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetan","family":"Seshadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galit","family":"Alter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"441_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2018 (WHO, Geneva, 2018)."},{"key":"441_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-13","volume":"27","author":"M Pai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pai, M. et al. Gamma interferon release assays for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27, 3\u201320 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"441_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241","volume":"149","author":"M Pai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pai, M., Zwerling, A. & Menzies, D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann. Intern. Med. 149, 177\u2013184 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"441_CR4","unstructured":"Simmons, J. D. et al. Immunological mechanisms of human resistance to persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 575\u2013589 (2018)."},{"key":"441_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13224.1","volume":"7","author":"Erin W. Meermeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meermeier, E. W. & Lewinsohn, D. M. Early clearance versus control: what is the meaning of a negative tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? F1000Res 7, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.13224.1 (2018).","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"441_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-33-4-941","volume":"33","author":"HA Dickie","year":"1950","unstructured":"Dickie, H. A. Tuberculosis in student nurses and medical students at the University of Wisconsin. Ann. Intern. Med. 33, 941\u2013959 (1950).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"441_CR7","first-page":"661","volume":"47","author":"JA Myers","year":"1947","unstructured":"Myers, J. A., Boynton, R. E. & Diehl, R. E. Prevention of tuberculosis among students of nursing. Am. J. Nurs. 47, 661\u2013666 (1947).","journal-title":"Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"441_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70071-9","volume":"8","author":"J Morrison","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morrison, J., Pai, M. & Hopewell, P. C. Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in close contacts of people with pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8, 359\u2013368 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"441_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx380","volume":"187","author":"CM Stein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stein, C. M. et al. Resistance and susceptibility to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection and disease in tuberculosis households in Kampala, Uganda. Am. J. Epidemiol. 187, 1477\u20131489 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"441_CR10","first-page":"337","volume":"42","author":"S Devadatta","year":"1970","unstructured":"Devadatta, S. et al. Attack rate of tuberculosis in a 5-year period among close family contacts of tuberculous patients under domiciliary treatment with isoniazid plus PAS or isoniazid alone. Bull. WHO 42, 337\u2013351 (1970).","journal-title":"Bull. WHO"},{"issue":"10","key":"441_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy751","volume":"68","author":"Catherine M Stein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stein, C. M. et al. Long-term stability of resistance to latent M. tuberculosis infection in highly exposed TB household contacts in Kampala, Uganda. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy751 (2018).","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"441_CR12","first-page":"39","volume":"13","author":"Y Hanifa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanifa, Y. et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among gold miners in South Africa. Int J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 13, 39\u201346 (2009).","journal-title":"Int J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"441_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00669","volume":"7","author":"RS Wallis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallis, R. S. Mathematical models of tuberculosis reactivation and relapse. Front. Microbiol. 7, 669 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"441_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004094","volume":"3","author":"CM Stein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stein, C. M. et al. Genome scan of M. tuberculosis infection and disease in Ugandans. PloS ONE 3, e4094 (2008).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"441_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175844","volume":"12","author":"C Seshadri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seshadri, C. et al. Transcriptional networks are associated with resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PloS ONE 12, e0175844 (2017).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"441_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-352","volume":"14","author":"N Ma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma, N. et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of individuals resistant to M. tuberculosis infection in a longitudinal TB household contact study in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Infect. Dis. 14, 352 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"441_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.072","volume":"167","author":"LL Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu, L. L. et al. A functional role for antibodies in tuberculosis. Cell 167, 433\u2013443 e414 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"441_CR18","unstructured":"Zimmermann, N. et al. Human isotype-dependent inhibitory antibody responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol. Med. 8, 1325\u20131339 (2016)."},{"key":"441_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.009","volume":"13","author":"JM Achkar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Achkar, J. M. & Casadevall, A. Antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis: implications for vaccine development. Cell Host Microbe 13, 250\u2013262 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"441_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3329","volume":"180","author":"PJ Maglione","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maglione, P. J., Xu, J., Casadevall, A. & Chan, J. Fc gamma receptors regulate immune activation and susceptibility during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol. 180, 3329\u20133338 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7222","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7222","volume":"178","author":"PJ Maglione","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maglione, P. J., Xu, J. & Chan, J. B cells moderate inflammatory progression and enhance bacterial containment upon pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 178, 7222\u20137234 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR22","unstructured":"Song, X., Heimburg-Molinaro, J., Smith, D. F. & Cummings, R. D. Glycan microarrays of fluorescently-tagged natural glycans. Glycoconj. J. 32, 465\u2013473 (2015)."},{"key":"441_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1540","volume":"8","author":"X Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song, X. et al. Shotgun glycomics: a microarray strategy for functional glycomics. Nat. Methods 8, 85\u201390 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"441_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5023\u2013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611776114","volume":"114","author":"H Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Latently and uninfected healthcare workers exposed to TB make protective antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 5023\u2013\u20135028 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"441_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer-Barber, K. D. & Barber, D. L. Innate and adaptive cellular immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 5, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a018424 (2015).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018424"},{"key":"441_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.03.002","volume":"323","author":"H Horton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Horton, H. et al. Optimization and validation of an 8-color intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay to quantify antigen-specific T cells induced by vaccination. J. Immunol. Methods 323, 39\u201354 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"441_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22218","volume":"81","author":"SC De Rosa","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Rosa, S. C., Carter, D. K. & McElrath, M. J. OMIP-014: validated multifunctional characterization of antigen-specific human T cells by intracellular cytokine staining. Cytometry A 81, 1019\u20131021 (2012).","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"441_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3187","volume":"33","author":"L Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin, L. et al. COMPASS identifies T-cell subsets correlated with clinical outcomes. Nat. Biotechnol. 33, 610\u2013616 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"441_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501285","volume":"195","author":"C Seshadri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seshadri, C. et al. T cell responses against mycobacterial lipids and proteins are poorly correlated in South African adolescents. J. Immunol. 195, 4595\u20134603 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00599-3","volume":"10","author":"F Martinon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martinon, F., Burns, K. & Tschopp, J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol. Cell 10, 417\u2013426 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"441_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.12.123","volume":"8","author":"NF Walker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walker, N. F., Meintjes, G. & Wilkinson, R. J. HIV-1 and the immune response to TB. Future Virol. 8, 57\u201380 (2013).","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"441_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.081501.125851","volume":"20","author":"JL Casanova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Casanova, J. L. & Abel, L. Genetic dissection of immunity to mycobacteria: the human model. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 581\u2013620 (2002).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.5.2515","volume":"155","author":"JL Flynn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Flynn, J. L. et al. IL-12 increases resistance of BALB\/c mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol. 155, 2515\u20132524 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0904189","volume":"184","author":"KD Mayer-Barber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mayer-Barber, K. D. et al. Caspase-1 independent IL-1beta production is critical for host resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis and does not require TLR signaling in vivo. J. Immunol. 184, 3326\u20133330 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-286336","volume":"116","author":"DL Barber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barber, D. L. et al. Th1-driven immune reconstitution disease in Mycobacterium avium-infected mice. Blood 116, 3485\u20133493 (2010).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"441_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.5.1936-1938.1997","volume":"65","author":"CH Ladel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ladel, C. H., Szalay, G., Riedel, D. & Kaufmann, S. H. Interleukin-12 secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Infect. Immun. 65, 1936\u20131938 (1997).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"441_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2249","volume":"178","author":"JL Flynn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Flynn, J. L. et al. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Exp. Med. 178, 2249\u20132254 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"441_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.1.39","volume":"186","author":"AM Cooper","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cooper, A. M., Magram, J., Ferrante, J. & Orme, I. M. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is crucial to the development of protective immunity in mice intravenously infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Exp. Med. 186, 39\u201345 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"441_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002052","volume":"7","author":"AM Gallegos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gallegos, A. M. et al. A gamma interferon independent mechanism of CD4 T cell mediated control of M. tuberculosis infection in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 7, e1002052 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"441_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005667","volume":"12","author":"S Sakai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakai, S. et al. CD4 T cell-derived IFN-gamma plays a minimal role in control of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and must be actively repressed by PD-1 to prevent lethal disease. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005667 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"441_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.007","volume":"18","author":"MA Sallin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sallin, M. A. et al. Th1 differentiation drives the accumulation of intravascular, non-protective CD4 T cells during tuberculosis. Cell Rep. 18, 3091\u20133104 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"441_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0334OC","volume":"182","author":"BM Kagina","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kagina, B. M. et al. Specific T cell frequency and cytokine expression profile do not correlate with protection against tuberculosis after bacillus Calmette\u2013Guerin vaccination of newborns. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182, 1073\u20131079 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med"},{"key":"441_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60177-4","volume":"381","author":"MD Tameris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tameris, M. D. et al. Safety and efficacy of MVA85A, a new tuberculosis vaccine, in infants previously vaccinated with BCG: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial. Lancet 381, 1021\u20131028 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7720","key":"441_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0439-x","volume":"560","author":"Roshni Roy Chowdhury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roy Chowdhury, R. et al. A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes. Nature 560, 644\u2013648 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"441_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.05.009","volume":"181","author":"JY Phuah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phuah, J. Y., Mattila, J. T., Lin, P. L. & Flynn, J. L. Activated B cells in the granulomas of nonhuman primates infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am. J. Pathol. 181, 508\u2013514 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"441_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2274","volume":"8","author":"RA Seder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seder, R. A., Darrah, P. A. & Roederer, M. T-cell quality in memory and protection: implications for vaccine design. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 247\u2013258 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hatherill, M., Tait, D. & McShane, H. Clinical testing of tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Microbiol. Spectr. 4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0015-2016 (2016).","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0015-2016"},{"key":"441_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714021","volume":"379","author":"E Nemes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nemes, E. et al. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 138\u2013149 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"441_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0380-3","volume":"14","author":"AW Chung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chung, A. W. & Alter, G. Systems serology: profiling vaccine induced humoral immunity against HIV. Retrovirology 14, 57 (2017).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"441_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1592","volume":"13","author":"PA Darrah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Darrah, P. A. et al. Multifunctional TH1 cells define a correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against Leishmania major. Nat. Med. 13, 843\u2013850 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"441_CR51","first-page":"411","volume":"7","author":"P Chheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chheng, P. et al. Tuberculosis case finding in first-degree relative contacts not living with index tuberculosis cases in Kampala, Uganda. Clin. Epidemiol. 7, 411\u2013419 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"441_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0027","volume":"16","author":"AM Mandalakas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mandalakas, A. M. et al. Well-quantified tuberculosis exposure is a reliable surrogate measure of tuberculosis infection. Int. J. Tuber. Lung Dis. 16, 1033\u20131039 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuber. Lung Dis."},{"key":"441_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2005.11.019","volume":"309","author":"SA Schlottmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schlottmann, S. A., Jain, N., Chirmule, N. & Esser, M. T. A novel chemistry for conjugating pneumococcal polysaccharides to Luminex microspheres. J. Immunol. Methods 309, 75\u201385 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"441_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.48","volume":"3","author":"SS Pierangeli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pierangeli, S. S. & Harris, E. N. A protocol for determination of anticardiolipin antibodies by ELISA. Nat. Protoc. 3, 840\u2013848 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"441_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2008.11.004","volume":"16","author":"X Song","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song, X. et al. Novel fluorescent glycan microarray strategy reveals ligands for galectins. Chem. Biol. 16, 36\u201347 (2009).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"441_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12.10.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140864.ps1210s64","volume":"64","author":"J Heimburg-Molinaro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heimburg-Molinaro, J., Song, X., Smith, D. F. & Cummings, R. D. Preparation and analysis of glycan microarrays. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 64, 12.10.1\u201312.10.29 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci."},{"key":"441_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.4.702-709.2003","volume":"10","author":"LM Arias-Bouda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arias-Bouda, L. M. et al. Changes in avidity and level of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sera of patients undergoing treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10, 702\u2013709 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"441_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.010","volume":"12","author":"CJ Martin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin, C. J. et al. Efferocytosis is an innate antibacterial mechanism. Cell Host Microbe 12, 289\u2013300 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"441_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-10-r100","volume":"7","author":"AE Carpenter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carpenter, A. E. et al. CellProfiler: image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes. Genome Biol. 7, R100 (2006).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"441_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.12.016","volume":"366","author":"ME Ackerman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ackerman, M. E. et al. A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity of clinical antibody samples. J. Immunol. Methods 366, 8\u201319 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"441_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03030-12","volume":"87","author":"S Jegaskanda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jegaskanda, S., Weinfurter, J. T., Friedrich, T. C. & Kent, S. J. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is associated with control of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection of macaques. J. Virol. 87, 5512\u20135522 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"441_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003806","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003806","volume":"10","author":"G Finak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Finak, G. et al. OpenCyto: an open source infrastructure for scalable, robust, reproducible, and automated, end-to-end flow cytometry data analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 10, e1003806 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0519-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000}}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0441-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0441-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0441-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T15:23:03Z","timestamp":1694877783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-019-0441-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0441-3","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.735795433.793565349","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2019","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the version of this article originally published, there was an error in the abstract. The word disease should not have been included in the sentence \u201cThese individuals were highly exposed to Mtb but tested negative disease by IFN-\u03b3 release assay and tuberculin skin test, \u2018resisting\u2019 development of classic LTBI\u201d. The sentence should have been \u201cThese individuals were highly exposed to Mtb but tested negative by IFN-\u03b3 release assay and tuberculin skin test, \u2018resisting\u2019 development of classic LTBI.\u201d The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of this article.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}