{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:55:53Z","timestamp":1791320153403,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0782-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T13:03:22Z","timestamp":1584363802000},"page":"519-528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["CTLA-4 and PD-1 dual blockade induces SIV reactivation without control of rebound after antiretroviral therapy interruption"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6948-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shari","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Ngai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Lindemuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristin","family":"Galardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3554-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane D.","family":"Falcinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel L. M.","family":"Raines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen S","family":"McGary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nekorchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Busman-Sahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Schawalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Micci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Cervasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherrie","family":"Jean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Alicia","family":"Koblansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Amrine-Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lifson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine J.","family":"Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Favre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob D.","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7276-3600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Paiardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"782_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.09.018","volume":"47","author":"CS McGary","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGary, C. S. et al. CTLA-4+PD-1\u2212 memory CD4+ T cells critically contribute to viral persistence in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed, SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Immunity 47, 776\u2013788 (2017).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"782_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4113","volume":"22","author":"R Banga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Banga, R. et al. PD-1+ and follicular helper T cells are responsible for persistent HIV-1 transcription in treated aviremic individuals. Nat. Med. 22, 754\u2013761 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"782_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005761","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005761","volume":"12","author":"R Fromentin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fromentin, R. et al. CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 contribute to HIV persistence during ART. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005761 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"782_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80284-8","volume":"6","author":"VL Perez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perez, V. L. et al. Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo requires CTLA-4 engagement. Immunity 6, 411\u2013417 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"782_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00662.x","volume":"224","author":"BT Fife","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fife, B. T. & Bluestone, J. A. Control of peripheral T-cell tolerance and autoimmunity via the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways. Immunol. Rev. 224, 166\u2013182 (2008).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"782_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121932","volume":"210","author":"M Perreau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perreau, M. et al. Follicular helper T cells serve as the major CD4 T cell compartment for HIV-1 infection, replication and production. J. Exp. Med. 210, 143\u2013156 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"782_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05115","volume":"443","author":"CL Day","year":"2006","unstructured":"Day, C. L. et al. PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature 443, 350\u2013354 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"782_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1482","volume":"12","author":"L Trautmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trautmann, L. et al. Upregulation of PD-1 expression on HIV-specific CD8+ T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction. Nat. Med. 12, 1198\u20131202 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"782_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000562","volume":"29","author":"F Wightman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wightman, F. et al. Effect of ipilimumab on the HIV reservoir in an HIV-infected individual with metastatic melanoma. AIDS 29, 504\u2013506 (2015).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"782_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001849","volume":"32","author":"VA Evans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans, V. A. et al. Programmed cell death-1 contributes to the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. AIDS 32, 1491\u20131497 (2018).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"782_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx696","volume":"29","author":"A Guihot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guihot, A. et al. Drastic decrease of the HIV reservoir in a patient treated with nivolumab for lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 29, 517\u2013518 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"782_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy259","volume":"29","author":"EP Scully","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scully, E. P. et al. Inconsistent HIV reservoir dynamics and immune responses following anti-PD-1 therapy in cancer patients with HIV infection. Ann. Oncol. 29, 2141\u20132142 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"782_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001429","volume":"31","author":"G Le Garff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le Garff, G. et al. Transient HIV-specific T cells increase and inflammation in an HIV-infected patient treated with nivolumab. AIDS 31, 1048\u20131051 (2017).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"782_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5439","volume":"180","author":"V Cecchinato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cecchinato, V. et al. Immune activation driven by CTLA-4 blockade augments viral replication at mucosal sites in simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Immunol. 180, 5439\u20135447 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"782_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-010637","volume":"108","author":"A Hryniewicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hryniewicz, A. et al. CTLA-4 blockade decreases TGF-beta, IDO and viral RNA expression in tissues of SIVmac251-infected macaques. Blood 108, 3834\u20133842 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"782_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07662","volume":"458","author":"V Velu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Velu, V. et al. Enhancing SIV-specific immunity in vivo by PD-1 blockade. Nature 458, 206\u2013210 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"782_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122940","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.122940","volume":"3","author":"GH Mylvaganam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mylvaganam, G. H. et al. Combination anti-PD-1 and antiretroviral therapy provides therapeutic benefit against SIV. JCI Insight 3, 122940 (2018).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"782_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01163-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01163-19","volume":"63","author":"E Bekerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bekerman, E. et al. PD-1 blockade and TLR7 activation lack therapeutic benefit in chronic simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques on antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 63, e01163-19 (2019).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"782_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0040","volume":"2","author":"C Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. In vitro characterization of the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab, BMS-936558 and in vivo toxicology in non-human primates. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2, 846\u2013856 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"782_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-11-4494","volume":"106","author":"S Hardtke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hardtke, S., Ohl, L. & Forster, R. Balanced expression of CXCR5 and CCR7 on follicular T helper cells determines their transient positioning to lymph node follicles and is essential for efficient B-cell help. Blood 106, 1924\u20131931 (2005).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"782_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600143","volume":"197","author":"V Velu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Velu, V. et al. Induction of Th1-biased T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in lymphoid tissues during chronic simian immunodeficiency virus infection defines functionally distinct germinal center Tfh cells. J. Immunol. 197, 1832\u20131842 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"782_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090148","volume":"302","author":"EL Pearce","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pearce, E. L. et al. Control of effector CD8+ T cell function by the transcription factor eomesodermin. Science 302, 1041\u20131043 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"782_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.013","volume":"51","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. TCF-1-centered transcriptional network drives an effector versus exhausted CD8 T cell-fate decision. Immunity 51, 840\u2013855 (2019).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"782_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08798-7","volume":"10","author":"R Fromentin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fromentin, R. et al. PD-1 blockade potentiates HIV latency reversal ex vivo in CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed individuals. Nat. Commun. 10, 814 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"782_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4411","volume":"23","author":"JD Estes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estes, J. D. et al. Defining total-body AIDS-virus burden with implications for curative strategies. Nat. Med. 23, 1271\u20131276 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"782_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.005","volume":"26","author":"AM Bender","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bender, A. M. et al. The landscape of persistent viral genomes in ART-treated SIV, SHIV and HIV-2 infections. Cell Host Microbe 26, 73\u201385 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"782_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v1i1.100","volume":"1","author":"C Deleage","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deleage, C. et al. Defining HIV and SIV reservoirs in lymphoid tissues. Pathog. Immun. 1, 68\u2013106 (2016).","journal-title":"Pathog. Immun."},{"key":"782_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608243","volume":"375","author":"KJ Bar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bar, K. J. et al. Effect of HIV antibody VRC01 on viral rebound after treatment interruption. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 2037\u20132050 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"782_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6060","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302044","volume":"191","author":"PK Amancha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amancha, P. K. et al. In vivo blockade of the programmed cell death-1 pathway using soluble recombinant PD-1-Fc enhances CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses but has limited clinical benefit. J. Immunol. 191, 6060\u20136070 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"782_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60612","volume":"122","author":"R Dyavar Shetty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dyavar Shetty, R. et al. PD-1 blockade during chronic SIV infection reduces hyperimmune activation and microbial translocation in rhesus macaques. J. Clin. Invest. 122, 1712\u20131716 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"782_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.980","volume":"182","author":"AC Finnefrock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finnefrock, A. C. et al. PD-1 blockade in rhesus macaques: impact on chronic infection and prophylactic vaccination. J. Immunol. 182, 980\u2013987 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"782_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0130-7","volume":"24","author":"AA Okoye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okoye, A. A. et al. Early antiretroviral therapy limits SIV reservoir establishment to delay or prevent post-treatment viral rebound. Nat. Med. 24, 1430\u20131440 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"782_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0721-y","volume":"564","author":"EN Borducchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borducchi, E. N. et al. Publisher correction: antibody and TLR7 agonist delay viral rebound in SHIV-infected monkeys. Nature 564, E8 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"782_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0365","volume":"104","author":"L Weiss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiss, L. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-driven expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, which suppress HIV-specific CD4 T-cell responses in HIV-infected patients. Blood 104, 3249\u20133256 (2004).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"782_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-021576","volume":"108","author":"J Nilsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nilsson, J. et al. HIV-1-driven regulatory T-cell accumulation in lymphoid tissues is associated with disease progression in HIV\/AIDS. Blood 108, 3808\u20133817 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"782_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","volume":"373","author":"J Larkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larkin, J. et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 23\u201334 (2015).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"782_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7325","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007325","volume":"96","author":"C Hao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hao, C. et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-1 combined with anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy to advanced melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 96, e7325 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"782_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0117-1","volume":"4","author":"VH Koelzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koelzer, V. H. et al. Systemic inflammation in a melanoma patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors\u2014an autopsy study. J. Immunother. Cancer 4, 13 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"782_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.6737","volume":"5","author":"MR Cook","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cook, M. R. & Kim, C. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with HIV infection and advanced-stage cancer: a systematic review. JAMA Oncol. 5, 1049\u20131054 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"782_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10003","volume":"473","author":"SG Hansen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hansen, S. G. et al. Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine. Nature 473, 523\u2013527 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"782_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0130","volume":"32","author":"GQ Del Prete","year":"2016","unstructured":"Del Prete, G. Q. et al. Short communication: comparative evaluation of coformulated injectable combination antiretroviral therapy regimens in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 32, 163\u2013168 (2016).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"782_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2016.1249078","volume":"9","author":"MJ Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott, M. J. et al. \u2018In-format\u2019 screening of a novel bispecific antibody format reveals significant potency improvements relative to unformatted molecules. MAbs 9, 85\u201393 (2017).","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"782_CR43","unstructured":"Chhabra, M. et al. Binding proteins. Patent WO\/2018\/083087 A2 (2018)."},{"key":"782_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81400","volume":"125","author":"L Micci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Micci, L. et al. Interleukin-21 combined with ART reduces inflammation and viral reservoir in SIV-infected macaques. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 4497\u20134513 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"782_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003471","volume":"9","author":"S Pallikkuth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pallikkuth, S. et al. Maintenance of intestinal Th17 cells and reduced microbial translocation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with interleukin (IL)-21. PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003471 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"782_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201444911","volume":"45","author":"H Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, H. & Pauza, C. D. CD25+ Bcl6low T follicular helper cells provide help to maturing B cells in germinal centers of human tonsil. Eur. J. Immunol. 45, 298\u2013308 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"782_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606636113","volume":"113","author":"H Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Envelope residue 375 substitutions in simian-human immunodeficiency viruses enhance CD4 binding and replication in rhesus macaques. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E3413\u2013E3422 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"782_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058915","volume":"292","author":"RR Amara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Amara, R. R. et al. Control of a mucosal challenge and prevention of AIDS by a multiprotein DNA\/MVA vaccine. Science 292, 69\u201374 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"782_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22984","volume":"547","author":"SG Hansen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hansen, S. G. et al. Addendum: immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection. Nature 547, 123\u2013124 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"782_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.21015","volume":"79","author":"M Roederer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roederer, M., Nozzi, J. L. & Nason, M. C. SPICE: exploration and analysis of post-cytometric complex multivariate datasets. Cytometry A 79, 167\u2013174 (2011).","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"782_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0898-8","volume":"566","author":"KM Bruner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bruner, K. M. et al. A quantitative approach for measuring the reservoir of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Nature 566, 120\u2013125 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"782_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02100-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02100-17","volume":"92","author":"BB Policicchio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Policicchio, B. B. et al. Dynamics of simian immunodeficiency virus two-long-terminal-repeat circles in the presence and absence of CD8+ cells. J. Virol. 92, e02100-17 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"782_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI120194","volume":"128","author":"DB Salantes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salantes, D. B. et al. HIV-1 latent reservoir size and diversity are stable following brief treatment interruption. J. Clin. Invest. 128, 3102\u20133115 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"782_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","volume":"59","author":"S Guindon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guindon, S. et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59, 307\u2013321 (2010).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-020-0782-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-020-0782-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-020-0782-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T18:02:02Z","timestamp":1684605722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-020-0782-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0782-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.G., C.G., J.S., A.S., B.J., A.A.K., H.A.-M. and D.F. are employed by and\/or have financial interests in GlaxoSmithKline or ViiV Healthcare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}