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Here, we immunized macaques with an HIV envelope trimer, either alone to induce nAbs, or together with a heterologous viral vector regimen to elicit nAbs and cellular immunity, including CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    tissue-resident memory T cells. After ten vaginal challenges with autologous virus, protection was observed in both vaccine groups at 53.3% and 66.7%, respectively. A nAb titer &gt;300 was generally associated with protection but in the heterologous viral vector\u2009+\u2009nAb group, titers &lt;300 were sufficient. In this group, protection was durable as the animals resisted six more challenges 5 months later. Antigen stimulation of T cells in ex vivo vaginal tissue cultures triggered antiviral responses in myeloid and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. We propose that cellular immune responses reduce the threshold of nAbs required to confer superior and durable protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0858-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T12:03:57Z","timestamp":1589198637000},"page":"932-940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["T cell-inducing vaccine durably prevents mucosal SHIV infection even with lower neutralizing antibody titers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Prabhu S.","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tysheena P.","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Joag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata S.","family":"Bollimpelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine K. 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