{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:23:49Z","timestamp":1792790629932,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011671","name":"G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ludwig Family Foundation, Womens Health Research at Yale","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0432hrf20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000875","name":"Pew Charitable Trusts","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIAID 2T32AI007517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIAID 2T32AI007517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018128","name":"Ludwig Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01355-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T06:07:04Z","timestamp":1620194824000},"page":"1178-1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":216,"title":["Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria E.","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2663-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feimei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9251-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2511-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhasis","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiefang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tokuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6118-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiwen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annsea","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Israelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal B. F.","family":"Vogels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0450-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Catherine","family":"Muenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C-Hong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnau","family":"Casanovas-Massana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Zell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Yale IMPACT Research Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Obaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander James","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Lu-Culligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjelica","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertie","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin J.","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaney C.","family":"Kalinich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Harden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codruta","family":"Todeasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coriann E.","family":"Dorgay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Shepard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Courchaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"DeIuliis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Rahming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Jai","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Nouws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Fauver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadi-Ann","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Anastasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Brower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Glick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lokesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Sewanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynda","family":"Knaggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksym","family":"Minasyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Batsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Petrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Nakahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Linehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Askenase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Simonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Smolgovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha C.","family":"Balkcom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sonnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Naushad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavithra","family":"Vijayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Martinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupak","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Handoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santos","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Prophet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Bickerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Alpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Khoury-Hanold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yexin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne L.","family":"Wyllie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred I.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3508-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung J.","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2031-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Grubaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2048-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wade L.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelli","family":"Farhadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5258-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Dela Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam V.","family":"Wisnewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inci","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9023-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5383-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad B.","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7824-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiko","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181, 271\u2013280 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"1355_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","volume":"367","author":"R Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan, R. et al. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science 367, 1444\u20131448 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1355_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","volume":"8","author":"Z Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, Z. et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir. Med. 8, 420\u2013422 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"1355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395, 497\u2013506 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1355_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G. et al. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 2620\u20132629 (2020).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244"},{"key":"1355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","volume":"27","author":"EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J. et al. Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe 27, 992\u20131000 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. et al. Heightened innate immune responses in the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients. Cell Host Microbe 27, 883\u2013890 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.017"},{"key":"1355_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","volume":"584","author":"C Lucas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lucas, C. et al. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature 584, 463\u2013469 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100078","volume":"1","author":"L Rodriguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodriguez, L. et al. Systems-level immunomonitoring from acute to recovery phase of severe COVID-19. Cell Rep. Med. 1, 100078 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"1355_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9","volume":"26","author":"DM Del Valle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Valle, D. M. et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat. Med. 26, 1636\u20131643 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1355_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8511","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","volume":"369","author":"D Mathew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathew, D. et al. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science 369, eabc8511 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1355_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.025","volume":"182","author":"CO Barnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barnes, C. O. et al. Structures of human antibodies bound to SARS-CoV-2 spike reveal common epitopes and recurrent features of antibodies. Cell 182, 828\u2013842 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","volume":"584","author":"DF Robbiani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robbiani, D. F. et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals. Nature 584, 437\u2013442 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, F. et al. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses. J. Exp. Med. 217, e20201181 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.140871"},{"key":"1355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf1555","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf1555","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by dimeric IgA. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabf1555 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008796","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. A comprehensive, longitudinal analysis of humoral responses specific to four recombinant antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS Pathog. 16, e1008796 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"1355_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00301-9","volume":"5","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19. Signal Transduct. Target Ther. 5, 180 (2020).","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"1355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W. T. et al. Antibody profiles according to mild or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 2974\u20132978 (2020).","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.203334"},{"key":"1355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, K. K. Q. et al. Comorbid illnesses are associated with altered adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. JCI Insight https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.146242 (2021).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146242"},{"key":"1355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6284","volume":"369","author":"J Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Science 369, 806\u2013811 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","volume":"396","author":"PM Folegatti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Folegatti, P. M. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 396, 467\u2013478 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1355_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.015","volume":"184","author":"WF Garcia-Beltran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Beltran, W. F. et al. COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. Cell 184, 476\u2013488 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1355_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long, Q. X. et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nat. Med. 26, 845\u2013848 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.004","volume":"53","author":"TJ Ripperger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ripperger, T. J. et al. Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 serological assays enable surveillance of low-prevalence communities and reveal durable humoral immunity. Immunity 53, 925\u2013933 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1355_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guthmiller, J. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is linked to superior humoral immunity against the spike. mBio https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02940-20 (2021).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02940-20"},{"key":"1355_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.020","volume":"53","author":"C Atyeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atyeo, C. et al. Distinct early serological signatures track with SARS-CoV-2 survival. Immunity 53, 524\u2013532 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6ltgen, K. et al. Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome. Sci. Immunol. 5, eabe0240 (2020).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe0240"},{"key":"1355_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohar, T. et al. Compromised humoral functional evolution tracks with SARS-CoV-2 mortality. Cell 183, 1508\u20131519 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.052"},{"key":"1355_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237901","volume":"15","author":"P Abry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abry, P. et al. Spatial and temporal regularization to estimate COVID-19 reproduction number R(t): promoting piecewise smoothness via convex optimization. PLoS ONE 15, e0237901 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1355_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025","volume":"183","author":"N Kaneko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaneko, N. et al. Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19. Cell 183, 143\u2013157 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3939","volume":"371","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal, A. et al. Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate covid-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID Trial). Brit. Med. J. 371, m3939 (2020).","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"1355_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4072","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4072","volume":"371","author":"EB Pathak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pathak, E. B. Convalescent plasma is ineffective for covid-19. Brit. Med. J. 371, m4072 (2020).","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"1355_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb05006.x","volume":"60","author":"R Holliman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Holliman, R., Seal, D. V., Archer, H. & Doman, S. Controlled trial of chemical disinfection of urinary drainage bags. Reduction in hospital-acquired catheter-associated infection. Br. J. Urol. 60, 419\u2013422 (1987).","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"1355_CR34","first-page":"CD013600","volume":"5","author":"SJ Valk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valk, S. J. et al. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 5, CD013600 (2020).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1355_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Wang, X., Fu, Y., Zhang, X. & Liu, C. Neutralizing antibodies for the treatment of COVID-19. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 11, 304\u2013307 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.10.025"},{"key":"1355_CR36","unstructured":"Eli Lilly and Company. Lilly statement regarding NIH\u2019s ACTIV-3 clinical trial. https:\/\/www.lilly.com\/news\/stories\/statement-activ3-clinical-trial-nih-covid19 (October 26, 2020)."},{"key":"1355_CR37","unstructured":"May, B. Regeneron halts enrollment of critically ill patients in a COVID-19 antibody trial. https:\/\/www.biospace.com\/article\/regeneron-halts-enrollment-in-covid-19-trial-following-safety-signal-in-critically-ill-patients (BioSpace, 2020)."},{"key":"1355_CR38","unstructured":"FDA authorizes monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2020)."},{"key":"1355_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 229\u2013237 (2020).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849"},{"key":"1355_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","volume":"26","author":"F Amanat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amanat, F. et al. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Nat. Med. 26, 1033\u20131036 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1355_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wyllie, A. L. et al. Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs. N. Engl. J. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2016359 (2020).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016359"},{"key":"1355_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0761-6","volume":"5","author":"CBF Vogels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vogels, C. B. F. et al. Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR primer-probe sets. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 1299\u20131305 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01416-4","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000}}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-021-01355-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-021-01355-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-021-01355-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T18:04:47Z","timestamp":1684605887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-021-01355-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01355-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01416-4","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01416-4","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.I. served as a consultant for Spring Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim and Adaptive Biotechnologies. I.Y. reports being a member of the mRNA-1273 Study Group and has received funding to her institution to conduct clinical research from BioFire, MedImmune, Regeneron, PaxVax, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novavax, Sanofi-Pasteur and Micron. All other authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}