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Modified vaccinia Ankara\u2014Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN, also known as Imvamune, JYNNEOS or Imvanex) is a third-generation smallpox vaccine that is authorized and in use as a vaccine against MPX. To date, there are no data showing MPX virus (MPXV)-neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals nor vaccine efficacy against MPX. Here we show that MPXV-neutralizing antibodies can be detected after MPXV infection and after historic smallpox vaccination. However, a two-shot MVA-BN immunization series in non-primed individuals yields relatively low levels of MPXV-neutralizing antibodies. Dose-sparing of an MVA-based influenza vaccine leads to lower MPXV-neutralizing antibody levels, whereas a third vaccination with the same MVA-based vaccine significantly boosts the antibody response. As the role of MPXV-neutralizing antibodies as a correlate of protection against disease and transmissibility is currently unclear, we conclude that cohort studies following vaccinated individuals are necessary to assess vaccine efficacy in at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02090-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1666094756000},"page":"270-278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":252,"title":["Low levels of monkeypox virus-neutralizing antibodies after MVA-BN vaccination in healthy individuals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-493X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca M.","family":"Zaeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1431-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart M.","family":"Lamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4666-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babs E.","family":"Verstrepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo M.","family":"Bestebroer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6814-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin E.","family":"van Royen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannelore","family":"G\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3421-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc C.","family":"Shamier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne P. 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