{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:38:32Z","timestamp":1789133912150,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COV-LT2-0059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV-LT2-0059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Long COVID (LC) is a complex multisymptom condition with no known disease-modifying treatments. This wait-list-controlled open-label trial tested whether a remotely delivered structured weight management program could improve respective LC symptoms in people living with overweight. Adults with LC (symptoms &gt;12\u2009weeks) and body mass index &gt;27\u2009kg\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> (&gt;25\u2009kg\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> for South Asians) were randomized (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009234, 1:1) to control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009116, usual care) or the remotely delivered structured weight management (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009118, total diet replacement (850\u2009kcal per day) for 12\u2009weeks, followed by food reintroduction and weight loss maintenance support) via minimization and randomization (80:20) to balance dominant LC symptom, sex, age, ethnicity and postcode-based index of multiple deprivation between groups. The control group received the intervention after 6\u2009months. Participants selected the dominant LC symptom they would most like to improve (fatigue, breathlessness, pain, anxiety\/depression or other) as the prespecified respective primary outcome. Individual symptoms were assessed using validated questionnaires and a visual analog scale for those without prespecified scales. At 6\u2009months, the primary outcome improved in the intervention group (change \u22121.16 (s.d. 1.42), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200997 analyzed) compared with the control group (change \u22120.83 (s.d. 1.14), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009117 analyzed) with a treatment effect of \u22120.34 (95% confidence interval \u22120.67 to \u22120.01), with no excess of serious adverse events. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry registration: ISRCTN<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ISRCTN12595520\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">12595520<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03384-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T10:03:41Z","timestamp":1736330621000},"page":"258-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Remotely delivered weight management for people with long COVID and overweight: the randomized wait-list-controlled ReDIRECT trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9302-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Combet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3342-1365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Haag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Haig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Brosnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Ibbotson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Ormerod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7262-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"McConnachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E. J.","family":"Lean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David N.","family":"Blane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","volume":"21","author":"HE Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis, H. E., McCorkell, L., Vogel, J. M. & Topol, E. J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 133\u2013146 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"3384_CR2","volume":"14","author":"CE Hastie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hastie, C. E. et al. True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study. Nat. Commun. 14, 7892 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3384_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762","volume":"55","author":"LL O\u2019Mahoney","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahoney, L. L. et al. The prevalence and long-term health effects of long COVID among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 55, 101762 (2023).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3384_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061541","volume":"11","author":"G Maglietta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maglietta, G. et al. Prognostic factors for post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med 11, 1541 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"3384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768211032850","volume":"114","author":"OL Aiyegbusi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aiyegbusi, O. L. et al. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J. R. Soc. Med. 114, 428\u2013442 (2021).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"3384_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w","volume":"28","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subramanian, A. et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nat. Med. 28, 1706\u20131714 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"3384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13690","volume":"46","author":"C Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang, C., Baz, S. A., Sheard, L. & Carpentieri, J. \u2018I am just a shadow of who I used to be\u2019\u2014exploring existential loss of identity among people living with chronic conditions of long COVID. Sociol. Health Illn. 46, 59\u201377 (2024).","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"3384_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.879","volume":"309","author":"M Calvert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvert, M. et al. Reporting of patient-reported outcomes in randomized trials: the CONSORT PRO extension. JAMA 309, 814\u2013822 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3384_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00159-X","volume":"10","author":"LL Florencio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Florencio, L. L. & Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as, C. Long COVID: systemic inflammation and obesity as therapeutic targets. Lancet Respir. Med. 10, 726\u2013727 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"3384_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2333838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33838","volume":"6","author":"DV Pouliopoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pouliopoulou, D. V. et al. Rehabilitation interventions for physical capacity and quality of life in adults with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2333838 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"3384_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000094221.86888.AE","volume":"42","author":"JE Neter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neter, J. E., Stam, B. E., Kok, F. J., Grobbee, D. E. & Geleijnse, J. M. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure\u2014a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 42, 878\u2013884 (2003).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3384_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33102-1","volume":"391","author":"MEJ Lean","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lean, M. E. J. et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 391, 541\u2013551 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3384_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.14.1799","volume":"289","author":"K Esposito","year":"2003","unstructured":"Esposito, K. et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women\u2014a randomized trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289, 1799\u20131804 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"3384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.09.004","volume":"204","author":"V Bernhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernhardt, V. & Babb, T. G. Weight loss reduces dyspnea on exertion in obese women. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 204, 86\u201392 (2014).","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"3384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12835-4","volume":"22","author":"C H\u00f6chsmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"H\u00f6chsmann, C., Dorling, J. L., Martin, C. K., Earnest, C. P. & Church, T. S. Association between weight loss, change in physical activity, and change in quality of life following a corporately sponsored, online weight loss program. BMC Public Health 22, 451 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3384_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051495","volume":"12","author":"AE Rigamonti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rigamonti, A. E. et al. Effects of a 3-week in-hospital body weight reduction program on cardiovascular risk factors, muscle performance, and fatigue: a retrospective study in a population of obese adults with or without metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 12, 1495 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3384_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324999","volume":"8","author":"A Sartorio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sartorio, A., Ottolini, S., Agosti, F., Massarini, M. & Lafortuna, C. Three-week integrated body weight reduction programme markedly improves performance and work capacity in severely obese patients. Eat. Weight Disord. 8, 107\u2013113 (2003).","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"3384_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2051366","volume":"134","author":"DB Horn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Horn, D. B., Almandoz, J. P. & Look, M. What is clinically relevant weight loss for your patients and how can it be achieved? A narrative review. Postgrad. Med. 134, 359\u2013375 (2022).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"3384_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21358","volume":"23","author":"DA Williamson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williamson, D. A., Bray, G. A. & Ryan, D. H. Is 5% weight loss a satisfactory criterion to define clinically significant weight loss? Obesity 23, 2319 (2015).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"3384_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23371","volume":"30","author":"AA Tahrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahrani, A. A. & Morton, J. Benefits of weight loss of 10% or more in patients with overweight or obesity: a review. Obesity 30, 802\u2013840 (2022).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"3384_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3760","volume":"362","author":"NM Astbury","year":"2018","unstructured":"Astbury, N. M. et al. Doctor referral of overweight people to low energy total diet replacement treatment (DROPLET): pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br. Med. J. 362, k3760 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"3384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13522.1","volume":"4","author":"L Haag","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haag, L. et al. Baseline characteristics in the remote diet intervention to reduce long-COVID symptoms trial (ReDIRECT). NIHR Open Res. 4, 7 (2024).","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res."},{"key":"3384_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. Global effect of modifiable risk factors on cardiovascular disease and mortality. New Engl. J. Med. 389, 1273\u20131285 (2023).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206916"},{"key":"3384_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.08.007","volume":"28","author":"VE Bianchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bianchi, V. E. Weight loss is a critical factor to reduce inflammation. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 28, 21\u201335 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"3384_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2015.05.005","volume":"10","author":"M Batterham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Batterham, M., Tapsell, L. C. & Charlton, K. E. Predicting dropout in dietary weight loss trials using demographic and early weight change characteristics: implications for trial design. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 10, 189\u2013196 (2016).","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"3384_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993023","volume":"103","author":"V Messier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Messier, V. et al. Anthropometric, metabolic, psychosocial and dietary factors associated with dropout in overweight and obese postmenopausal women engaged in a 6-month weight loss programme: a MONET study. Br. J. Nutr. 103, 1230\u20131235 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"3384_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00194-3","volume":"12","author":"J Valabhji","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valabhji, J. et al. Early findings from the NHS Type 2 Diabetes Path to Remission Programme: a prospective evaluation of real-world implementation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 12, 653\u2013663 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"3384_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.11.009","volume":"20","author":"RW Goode","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goode, R. W. et al. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, and psychosocial predictors of attrition across behavioral weight-loss trials. Eat. Behav. 20, 27\u201333 (2016).","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"3384_CR29","unstructured":"Adults\u2019 Media Use and Attitudes Report 2022 (Ofcom, 2023)."},{"key":"3384_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01781-8","volume":"28","author":"MJ Calvert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calvert, M. J. et al. Patient reported outcome assessment must be inclusive and equitable. Nat. Med. 28, 1120\u20131124 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"3384_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8252-5","volume":"20","author":"M Elliott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elliott, M., Gillison, F. & Barnett, J. Exploring the influences on men\u2019s engagement with weight loss services: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 20, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3384_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9921-8","volume":"21","author":"KL Haywood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haywood, K. L., Staniszewska, S. & Chapman, S. Quality and acceptability of patient-reported outcome measures used in chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS\/ME): a systematic review. Qual. Life Res. 21, 35\u201352 (2012).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"3384_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","volume":"101","author":"F Ceban","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceban, F. et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. Immun. 101, 93\u2013135 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"3384_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3453","volume":"358","author":"S Staniszewska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staniszewska, S. et al. GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. Br. Med. J. 358, j3453 (2017).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"3384_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31893-1","volume":"388","author":"P Aveyard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aveyard, P. et al. Screening and brief intervention for obesity in primary care: a parallel, two-arm, randomised trial. Lancet 388, 2492\u20132500 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3384_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skivington, K. et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n2061 (2021).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2061"},{"key":"3384_CR37","unstructured":"Carbury, R. & Flower, G. Regional and sub-regional estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) positivity over time. Office for National Statistics https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/conditionsanddiseases\/articles\/regionalandsubregionalestimatesofcoronaviruscovid19positivityovertimeuk12january2023\/2023-01-12 (2023)."},{"key":"3384_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.13315.1","volume":"2","author":"L Haag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haag, L. et al. The remote diet intervention to reduce long COVID symptoms trial (ReDIRECT): protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a remotely delivered supported weight management programme for people with long COVID and excess weight, with personalised improvement goals. NIHR Open Res. 2, 57\u201357 (2022).","journal-title":"NIHR Open Res."},{"key":"3384_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 63, 157\u2013163 (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3"},{"key":"3384_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp13X663073","volume":"63","author":"M Lean","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lean, M. et al. Feasibility and indicative results from a 12-month low-energy liquid diet treatment and maintenance programme for severe obesity. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 63, e115\u2013e124 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"3384_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-1","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie, S., Van Stralen, M. M. & West, R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement. Sci. 6, 1\u201312 (2011).","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"3384_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6","volume":"46","author":"S Michie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michie, S. et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann. Behav. Med. 46, 81\u201395 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"3384_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05471-x","volume":"64","author":"WS Leslie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leslie, W. S. et al. Antihypertensive medication needs and blood pressure control with weight loss in the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT). Diabetologia 64, 1927\u20131938 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"3384_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90081-P","volume":"37","author":"T Chalder","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chalder, T. et al. Development of a fatigue scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 37, 147\u2013153 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"3384_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.581","volume":"54","author":"JC Bestall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bestall, J. C. et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 54, 581\u2013586 (1999).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3384_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.4.187","volume":"34","author":"GF Spadoni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spadoni, G. F., Stratford, P. W., Solomon, P. E. & Wishart, L. R. The evaluation of change in pain intensity: a comparison of the P4 and single-item numeric pain rating scales. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 34, 187\u2013193 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"3384_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 67, 361\u2013370 (1983).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"3384_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199304050-00006","volume":"4","author":"MC Reilly","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reilly, M. C., Zbrozek, A. S. & Dukes, E. M. The validity and reproducibility of a work productivity and activity impairment instrument. Pharmacoeconomics 4, 353\u2013365 (1993).","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"3384_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-018-0642-5","volume":"36","author":"I Buchholz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buchholz, I., Janssen, M. F., Kohlmann, T. & Feng, Y. S. A systematic review of studies comparing the measurement properties of the three-level and five-level versions of the EQ-5D. Pharmacoeconomics 36, 645\u2013661 (2018).","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"3384_CR50","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021)."},{"key":"3384_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Combet, E., Blane, D. & Haag, L. ReDIRECT study eCRF questionnaires screenshots. figshare https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.21270837 (2022).","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.21270837"}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-024-03384-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-024-03384-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-024-03384-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T23:05:01Z","timestamp":1737500701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-024-03384-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03384-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"N.B. is an employee and shareholder of Counterweight Ltd, subcontracted to the University of Glasgow to deliver the ReDIRECT intervention. A.M. is a member of Clinical Steering Committee for ARC Medical Inc. N.S. has received institutional grant support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Roche Diagnostics and honoraria from Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, Afimmune, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Menarini-Ricerche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics and Sanofi. M.E.J.L. has received lecturing fees from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Nestle and Sanofi and is a medical advisor to Counterweight Ltd, with fees paid to the University of Glasgow. J.O. and C.W. are members of the Long Covid Scotland charity. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}