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A.E. declares grant support from Kanvas Biosciences, GMT Science, AstraZeneca, Merck and Bristol Myers Squibb. A.E. declares honoraria from AstraZeneca, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb and EMD Soreno. A.E. declares consulting fees from EverImmune, NECBio and Sanofi-Pasteur. A.E. is inventor on patent 4872-8531-1934.1 regarding the microbiome and immunotherapy response. B.R. declares research funding from Davolterra and Kanvas Biosciences and consulting fees from Merck, AstraZeneca, EverImmune and Bristol Myers Squibb. B.R. is also a co-founder of Curebiota. S.M.V. reports a grant from Microviable Therapeutics outside the submitted work as well as consulting fees from Kanvas Biosciences and FedBio. S.M.V. is a co-founder of LND Therapeutics, Inc., which holds the rights to LND101. S.M.V. reports US Patent Application No. 63\/913,940 related to FMT donor screening. M.S. is a co-founder of LND Therapeutics, Inc., which holds the rights to LND101. M.S. reports US Patent Application No. 63\/913,940 related to FMT donor screening. S.P. is a co-founder of LND Therapeutics, Inc., which holds the rights to LND101. G.K. has been holding research contracts with Daiichi-Sankyo, Eleor, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys and Vascage. G.K. is on the Board of Directors of Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France. G.K. is a scientific co-founder of EverImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics and Therafast Bio. G.K. is on the scientific advisory boards of Hevolution, Institut Servier and Rejuveron Life Sciences\/Centenara Labs AG. G.K. is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis and metabolic disorders. Among these patents, one, \u2018Methods for weight reduction\u2019 (US11905330B1), is relevant to this study. A close family member of G.K. was an employee of Sanofi and now consults for Boehringer Ingelheim. J.R. reports participating in advisory boards for Merck, AstraZeneca, Lilly and Novartis. S.O. reports honoraria\/consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Pfizer and Roche. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}