{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T11:04:45Z","timestamp":1794481485955,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic, zoonotic paramyxovirus with pandemic potential. No licensed vaccines or treatments are available. Therefore, we conducted a phase 1, first-in-human, open-label, dose-escalation trial of a lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine, mRNA-1215, encoding a chimeric pre-fusion F (Pre-F) protein linked to glycoprotein G of a NiV Malaysian strain. Forty healthy adults, who met eligibility criteria, were enrolled into the 10-, 25-, 50- or 100-\u03bcg dose groups with ten participants per group. Each participant received two doses of mRNA-1215, intramuscularly, at a 4-week interval except for one participant in the 10-\u03bcg dose group who received only the first dose. All participants remained in the study until their final study visit. The primary outcome of vaccine safety and tolerability was determined by prespecified end points: the frequency and severity of solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs), unsolicited AEs, safety laboratory measures, medically attended AEs, AEs of special interest, new chronic medical conditions and serious AEs. The most frequently reported local and systemic AEs were mild pain and tenderness at the injection site (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2009=\u200933; 82%) and mild malaise (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2009=\u200916; 40%), respectively. Overall, the vaccine was well tolerated. No serious AEs occurred during the study. mRNA-1215 elicited robust Pre-F and G binding antibody titers, the prespecified secondary end points. An exploratory analysis found that mRNA-1215 elicited neutralizing titers by 2 weeks after the prime in all dose groups. Responses increased after the boost and remained elevated for at least 1 year after vaccination. These findings demonstrate an initial overall favorable safety profile and immunogenicity results for a first-in-human, structure-based, chimeric mRNA Nipah virus vaccine. mRNA-1215 is a promising vaccine candidate for continued clinical development for populations at risk for regional and potentially larger outbreaks caused by Nipah virus. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05398796\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT05398796<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04265-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:02:06Z","timestamp":1773309726000},"page":"1401-1410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A structure-based mRNA vaccine for Nipah virus in healthy adults: a phase 1 trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Ploquin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemarie D.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaSonji A.","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Happe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia T.","family":"Widge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Novik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Ortega-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina V.","family":"Yamshchikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingelise J.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abidemi","family":"Ola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J. M.","family":"Costner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floreliz","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xioalin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Whalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Utoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorin N.","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2960-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Heimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Korzeniwsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayne F.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruthi","family":"Shyam Sunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Foulds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bahorich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Loomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barney S.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Bok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunny","family":"Himansu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Leav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walla","family":"Dempsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Beigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Roederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-5597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesia K.","family":"Dropulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The VRC 322 study team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Apte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renunda","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaShawn","family":"Requilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Strom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Beresnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Keshtkar-Jahromi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Dulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Ting","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4265_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04299-3","volume":"354","author":"KB Chua","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chua, K. B. et al. Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet 354, 1257\u20131259 (1999).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4265_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004273421701","volume":"342","author":"KJ Goh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goh, K. J. et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1229\u20131235 (2000).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4265_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805376","volume":"380","author":"B Nikolay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikolay, B. et al. Transmission of Nipah virus - 14 years of investigations in Bangladesh. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 1804\u20131814 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4265_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011617","volume":"17","author":"SM Satter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Satter, S. M. et al. Tackling a global epidemic threat: Nipah surveillance in Bangladesh, 2006-2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17, e0011617 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4265_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Technical brief: enhancing readiness for a Nipah virus event in countries not reporting a Nipah virus event (WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2024)."},{"key":"4265_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2016.1255883","volume":"36","author":"F Enchery","year":"2017","unstructured":"Enchery, F. & Horvat, B. Understanding the interaction between henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats: paving the way toward control of highly lethal infection in humans. Int. Rev. Immunol. 36, 108\u2013121 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol"},{"key":"4265_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2051","volume":"17","author":"J de Araujo","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Araujo, J. et al. Antibodies against henipa-like viruses in Brazilian bats. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 17, 271\u2013274 (2017).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"4265_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549","volume":"10","author":"DE Bloom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bloom, D. E. & Cadarette, D. Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: strengthening the global response. Front. Immunol. 10, 549 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"4265_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McQuiston, J. H., Montgomery, J. M. & Hutson, C. L. Ten years of high-consequence pathogens\u2014research gains, readiness gaps, and future goals. Emerg. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3004.240160 (2024).","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.240160"},{"key":"4265_CR10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pathogens prioritarization, a scientific framework for epidemic and pandemic research preparadness. Health Emergencies Programme. R&D Blueprint (WHO, 2024)."},{"key":"4265_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03838","volume":"436","author":"OA Negrete","year":"2005","unstructured":"Negrete, O. A. et al. EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Nature 436, 401\u2013405 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4265_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020007","volume":"2","author":"OA Negrete","year":"2006","unstructured":"Negrete, O. A. et al. Two key residues in ephrinB3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for Nipah virus. PLoS Pathog. 2, e7 (2006).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"4265_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis699","volume":"207","author":"A Ploquin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ploquin, A. et al. Protection against henipavirus infection by use of recombinant adeno-associated virus-vector vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 207, 469\u2013478 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"4265_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.6690-6702.2005","volume":"79","author":"KN Bossart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bossart, K. N. et al. Receptor binding, fusion inhibition, and induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies by a soluble G glycoprotein of Hendra virus. J. Virol. 79, 6690\u20136702 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"4265_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004241","volume":"4","author":"KN Bossart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bossart, K. N. et al. A Hendra virus G glycoprotein subunit vaccine protects African green monkeys from Nipah virus challenge. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 146ra107 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"4265_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.2.834-840.2004","volume":"78","author":"V Guillaume","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guillaume, V. et al. Nipah virus: vaccination and passive protection studies in a hamster model. J. Virol. 78, 834\u2013840 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"4265_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00263-06","volume":"80","author":"HM Weingartl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weingartl, H. M. et al. Recombinant Nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge. J. Virol. 80, 7929\u20137938 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"4265_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.10.012","volume":"101","author":"MK Lo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lo, M. K. et al. Single-dose replication-defective VSV-based Nipah virus vaccines provide protection from lethal challenge in Syrian hamsters. Antiviral Res. 101, 26\u201329 (2014).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"4265_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007462","volume":"13","author":"N van Doremalen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Doremalen, N. et al. A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0007462 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"4265_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058414","volume":"8","author":"M Yoneda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoneda, M. et al. Recombinant measles virus vaccine expressing the Nipah virus glycoprotein protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge. PLoS ONE 8, e58414 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4265_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00842","volume":"11","author":"RJ Loomis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loomis, R. J. et al. Structure-based design of Nipah virus vaccines: a generalizable approach to paramyxovirus immunogen development. Front. Immunol. 11, 842 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"4265_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.772864","volume":"12","author":"RJ Loomis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loomis, R. J. et al. Chimeric fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoprotein antigen delivery by mRNA as a candidate Nipah vaccine. Front. Immunol. 12, 772864 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"4265_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36995-y","volume":"14","author":"PO Byrne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Byrne, P. O. et al. Structural basis for antibody recognition of vulnerable epitopes on Nipah virus F protein. Nat. Commun. 14, 1494 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"4265_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243283","volume":"342","author":"JS McLellan","year":"2013","unstructured":"McLellan, J. S. et al. Structure-based design of a fusion glycoprotein vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. Science 342, 592\u2013598 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4265_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020195","volume":"16","author":"AJ May","year":"2024","unstructured":"May, A. J. & Acharya, P. Structural studies of henipavirus glycoproteins. Viruses 16, 195 (2024).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4265_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","volume":"383","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson, L. A. et al. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1920\u20131931 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4265_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.02.007","volume":"39","author":"L Chu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu, L. et al. A preliminary report of a randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Vaccine 39, 2791\u20132799 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4265_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126847","volume":"50","author":"M Soens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soens, M. et al. A phase 3 randomized safety and immunogenicity trial of mRNA-1010 seasonal influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine 50, 126847 (2025).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4265_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G. L. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1345, an mRNA-based RSV vaccine in younger and older adult cohorts: results from a phase 1, randomized clinical trial. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9, (2022).","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac492.312"},{"key":"4265_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00764-2","volume":"23","author":"B Essink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Essink, B. et al. The safety and immunogenicity of two Zika virus mRNA vaccine candidates in healthy flavivirus baseline seropositive and seronegative adults: the results of two randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 1 clinical trials. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, 621\u2013633 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"4265_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2022.43.210101","volume":"43","author":"MM Pitlick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pitlick, M. M., Joshi, A. Y., Gonzalez-Estrada, A. & Chiarella, S. E. Delayed systemic urticarial reactions following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Allergy Asthma Proc. 43, 40\u201343 (2022).","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"4265_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.05.012","volume":"25","author":"A Strahan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strahan, A., Ali, R. & Freeman, E. E. Chronic spontaneous urticaria after COVID-19 primary vaccine series and boosters. JAAD Case Rep. 25, 63\u201366 (2022).","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"4265_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101467","volume":"5","author":"Y Pastor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pastor, Y. et al. A vaccine targeting antigen-presenting cells through CD40 induces protective immunity against Nipah disease. Cell Rep. Med. 5, 101467 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"4265_CR34","unstructured":"Ploquin, A. et al. Nipah mRNA-1215 vaccine induces cross-reactive responses against henipaviruses and confers complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh virus in old world monkeys. Proc. Hendra@30 Henipavirus International Conference. Abstract RO-14 (poster P-14), 34 (CEPI, 2024)."},{"key":"4265_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01390-X","volume":"406","author":"RW Frenck Jr.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Frenck, R. W. Jr. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a Nipah virus vaccine (HeV-sG-V) in adults: a single-centre, randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study. Lancet 406, 2792\u20132803 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4265_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2024.100103","volume":"4","author":"A Bhowmik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhowmik, A., Hasan, M., Redoy, M. M. H. & Saha, G. Nipah virus outbreak trends in Bangladesh during the period 2001 to 2024: a brief review. Sci. One Health 4, 100103 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. One Health"},{"key":"4265_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100434","volume":"13","author":"S Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan, S. et al. Twenty-five years of Nipah outbreaks in Southeast Asia: a persistent threat to global health. IJID Reg. 13, 100434 (2024).","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"key":"4265_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.08.027","volume":"39","author":"B Nikolay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolay, B. et al. Assessing the feasibility of Nipah vaccine efficacy trials based on previous outbreaks in Bangladesh. Vaccine 39, 5600\u20135606 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4265_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030368","volume":"10","author":"CL Finch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finch, C. L. et al. Vaccine licensure in the absence of human efficacy data. Vaccines 10, 368 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"4265_CR40","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Product development under the animal rule. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/drugs\/published\/Product-Development-Under-the-Animal-Rule.pdf (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2015)."},{"key":"4265_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00345-9","volume":"405","author":"JS Richardson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Richardson, J. S. et al. Chikungunya virus virus-like particle vaccine safety and immunogenicity in adolescents and adults in the USA: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 405, 1343\u20131352 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4265_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242ra282","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008929","volume":"6","author":"TW Geisbert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geisbert, T. W. et al. Therapeutic treatment of Nipah virus infection in nonhuman primates with a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 242ra282 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"4265_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01036-2","volume":"9","author":"VH Leyva-Grado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leyva-Grado, V. H. et al. Establishing an immune correlate of protection for Nipah virus in nonhuman primates. NPJ Vaccines 9, 244 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"4265_CR44","unstructured":"Sabanes Bove, D. et al. mmrm: mixed models for repeated measures. R packages version 0.3.15.9001. (2025)."},{"key":"4265_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005641","volume":"12","author":"RR Bender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bender, R. R. et al. Receptor-targeted Nipah virus glycoproteins improve cell-type selective gene delivery and reveal a preference for membrane-proximal cell attachment. PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005641 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"4265_CR46","unstructured":"Hassall, M. et al. Establishment of the First WHO international standard for anti-Nipah virus antibody. (WHO, 2023)."},{"key":"4265_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23670","volume":"95","author":"MM Donaldson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donaldson, M. M., Kao, S. F. & Foulds, K. E. OMIP-052: an 18-color panel for measuring Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh responses in rhesus macaques. Cytometry A 95, 261\u2013263 (2019).","journal-title":"Cytometry A"}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04265-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04265-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04265-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:02:30Z","timestamp":1776780150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04265-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-026-04265-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"R.J.L. and B.S.G. are named as inventors on a US patent 11890339 entitled \u2018Nipah Virus Immunogens and Their Use\u2019, which is a provisional patent filed by the Department of Health and Human Services. B.L. and S. H. are employees of and own shares of Moderna. B.S.G. declares a current affiliation with Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta. A.P., R.D.M., L.A.H., M.H., A.T.W., L.N., A.M.O.-V., G.V.Y., I.J.G., A.O., A.A., P.J.M.C., F.M., J.M., X.W., W.R.W., J.U., J.C., L.N.L., A.H., K.K., S.F.A., E.L., S.S.S., A.T., M.M., K.E.F., N.J.S., J.B., E.E.C., K.B., W.D., J.H.B., M.R. and L.K.D. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}