{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T08:44:14Z","timestamp":1794473054239,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201700082C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201700082C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04429-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T09:03:13Z","timestamp":1780995793000},"page":"2511-2521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adjuvanted inactivated rabies virus-vectored Lassa virus vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 1 trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3138-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin R.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drishya","family":"Kurup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam C.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrine","family":"Ben Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"LaRocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten E.","family":"Lyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Litts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrimati","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan F.","family":"McGilvray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannie A.","family":"Losignor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6919-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Oshinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifayet PL","family":"Johnson-Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7959-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uthra","family":"Balakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha","family":"Chandwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha R.","family":"Rapaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2574-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meagan E.","family":"Deming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel V.","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wirblich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7741-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilbur H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Neuzil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0894-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela F.","family":"Pasetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias J.","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4429_CR1","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Africa. Lassa fever https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/lassa-fever (2025)."},{"key":"4429_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lassa fever suspected in death of US traveler returning from West Africa https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2024\/s1028-lassa-fever.html (2025)."},{"key":"4429_CR3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lassa fever https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lassa-fever\/about\/index.html (2004)."},{"key":"4429_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7426.1271","volume":"327","author":"JK Richmond","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richmond, J. K. & Baglole, D. J. Lassa fever: epidemiology, clinical features, and social consequences. Brit. Med. J. 327, 1271\u20131275 (2003).","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"4429_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006187","volume":"12","author":"EJ Mateer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mateer, E. J., Huang, C., Shehu, N. Y. & Paessler, S. Lassa fever-induced sensorineural hearing loss: a neglected public health and social burden. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12, e0006187 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"4429_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450160063030","volume":"264","author":"D Cummins","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cummins, D. et al. Acute sensorineural deafness in Lassa fever. JAMA 264, 2093\u20132096 (1990).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4429_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24377-6","volume":"25","author":"GO Ogundele","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogundele, G. O., Jolayemi, K. O. & Bello, S. Lassa fever in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of attack rates, case fatality rates and risk factors. BMC Public Health 25, 2948 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4429_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002748","volume":"8","author":"JG Shaffer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shaffer, J. G. et al. Lassa fever in post-conflict Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8, e2748 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"4429_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90107-X","volume":"78","author":"JD Frame","year":"1984","unstructured":"Frame, J. D., Verbrugge, G. P., Gill, R. G. & Pinneo, L. The use of Lassa fever convalescent plasma in Nigeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 319\u2013324 (1984).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"4429_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02585-7","volume":"21","author":"BM Warner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Warner, B. M., Safronetz, D. & Stein, D. R. Current perspectives on vaccines and therapeutics for Lassa fever. Virol. J. 21, 320 (2024).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"4429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hansen, F., Jarvis, M. A., Feldmann, H. & Rosenke, K. Lassa virus treatment options. Microorganisms https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9040772 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040772"},{"key":"4429_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00789-8","volume":"21","author":"RF Garry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garry, R. F. Lassa fever - the road ahead. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 87\u201396 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"4429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zapata, J. C., Medina-Moreno, S., Guzman-Cardozo, C. & Salvato, M. S. Improving the breadth of the host\u2019s immune response to Lassa virus. Pathogens https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens7040084 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens7040084"},{"key":"4429_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.05.002","volume":"31","author":"KM Hastie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hastie, K. M. & Saphire, E. O. Lassa virus glycoprotein: stopping a moving target. Curr. Opin. Virol. 31, 52\u201358 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"4429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26045-w","volume":"12","author":"C Ugwu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ugwu, C. et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses to Lassa fever virus in Lassa fever survivors and their exposed contacts in Southern Nigeria. Sci. Rep. 12, 22330 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4429_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90388-8","volume":"79","author":"PB Jahrling","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jahrling, P. B., Frame, J. D., Rhoderick, J. B. & Monson, M. H. Endemic Lassa fever in Liberia. IV. Selection of optimally effective plasma for treatment by passive immunization. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 380\u2013384 (1985).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"4429_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murphy, H. & Ly, H. Understanding immune responses to Lassa virus infection and to its candidate vaccines. Vaccines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10101668 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101668"},{"key":"4429_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008352","volume":"16","author":"BM Sullivan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sullivan, B. M. et al. High crossreactivity of human T cell responses between Lassa virus lineages. PLoS Pathog. 16, e1008352 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"4429_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.456","volume":"155","author":"KM Johnson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnson, K. M. et al. Clinical virology of Lassa fever in hospitalized patients. J. Infect. Dis. 155, 456\u2013464 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"4429_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.03.008","volume":"215","author":"J Purushotham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Purushotham, J., Lambe, T. & Gilbert, S. C. Vaccine platforms for the prevention of Lassa fever. Immunol. Lett. 215, 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"4429_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06741-w","volume":"9","author":"T Abreu-Mota","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abreu-Mota, T. et al. Non-neutralizing antibodies elicited by recombinant Lassa-rabies vaccine are critical for protection against Lassa fever. Nat. Commun. 9, 4223 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"4429_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00930-z","volume":"9","author":"G Scher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scher, G. et al. Inactivated rabies-based Lassa fever virus vaccine candidate LASSARAB protects nonhuman primates from lethal disease. NPJ Vaccines 9, 143 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"4429_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO expert consultation on rabies: third report. Vol. 1012 (2018)."},{"key":"4429_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.117","volume":"44","author":"JE Childs","year":"1991","unstructured":"Childs, J. E. et al. Human-rodent contact and infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis and Seoul viruses in an inner-city population. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 117\u2013121 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"4429_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.27","volume":"47","author":"JE Childs","year":"1992","unstructured":"Childs, J. E., Glass, G. E., Korch, G. W., Ksiazek, T. G. & Leduc, J. W. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and house mouse (Mus musculus) distribution in urban Baltimore. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47, 27\u201334 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"4429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab014","volume":"224","author":"D Kurup","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurup, D. et al. Tetravalent rabies-vectored filovirus and Lassa fever vaccine induces long-term immunity in nonhuman primates. J. Infect. Dis. 224, 995\u20131004 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"4429_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00048-X","volume":"401","author":"R Tschismarov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tschismarov, R. et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of a recombinant measles-vectored Lassa fever vaccine: a randomised, placebo-controlled, first-in-human trial. Lancet 401, 1267\u20131276 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4429_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2501073","volume":"393","author":"E Malkin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malkin, E. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV Lassa fever vaccine candidate. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 1807\u20131818 (2025).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4429_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2290683","volume":"23","author":"H Ly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ly, H. Progress toward the development of Lassa vaccines. Expert Rev. Vaccines 23, 5\u20137 (2024).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"4429_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v44i06a04","volume":"44","author":"L Banadyga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Banadyga, L., Stein, D. R., Qiu, X. & Safronetz, D. Pre-clinical development of a vaccine against Lassa fever. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 44, 139\u2013147 (2018).","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"4429_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111094","volume":"40","author":"RW Cross","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cross, R. W. et al. A recombinant VSV-vectored vaccine rapidly protects nonhuman primates against heterologous lethal Lassa fever. Cell Rep. 40, 111094 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"4429_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2019.100009","volume":"1","author":"TP Monath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monath, T. P. et al. rVSVDeltaG-ZEBOV-GP (also designated V920) recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with Ebola Zaire glycoprotein: Standardized template with key considerations for a risk\/benefit assessment. Vaccine X 1, 100009 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"4429_CR33","unstructured":"US Food & Drug Administration. ERVEBO (Ebola Zaire Vaccine, Live) https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/ervebo (2019)."},{"key":"4429_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2023.e00782","volume":"37","author":"C Ton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ton, C. et al. Development and scale-up of rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine process using single use bioreactor. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 37, e00782 (2023).","journal-title":"Biotechnol Rep (Amst)"},{"key":"4429_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mateo, M. et al. A single-shot Lassa vaccine induces long-term immunity and protects cynomolgus monkeys against heterologous strains. Sci. Transl. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf6348 (2021).","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf6348"},{"key":"4429_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.066","volume":"37","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations. Vaccine 37, 219\u2013222 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4429_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101990000100009","volume":"24","author":"E de Rizzo","year":"1990","unstructured":"de Rizzo, E. et al. [Photosensitivity and stability of freeze-dried and\/or reconstituted measles vaccines (Biken CAM-70 strain)]. Rev Saude Publica 24, 51\u201359 (1990).","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"4429_CR38","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global market study: measles-containing vaccines (MCV) \u2013 Public Summary (World Health Organization, 2020)."},{"key":"4429_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00497-5","volume":"21","author":"AJ Pollard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pollard, A. J. & Bijker, E. M. Publisher correction. A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 21, 129 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"4429_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kozak, M. & Hu, J. The integrated consideration of vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and delivery routes for successful vaccine development. Vaccines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11030695 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030695"},{"key":"4429_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102215","volume":"77","author":"JJ Baljon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baljon, J. J. & Wilson, J. T. Bioinspired vaccines to enhance MHC class-I antigen cross-presentation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 77, 102215 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"4429_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.91","volume":"3","author":"AR Fooks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fooks, A. R. et al. Rabies. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, 17091 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"4429_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haselbeck, A. H. et al. Challenges to the fight against rabies-the landscape of policy and prevention strategies in Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041736 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041736"},{"key":"4429_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"SE Manning","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manning, S. E. et al. Human rabies prevention-United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 57, 1\u201328 (2008).","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"4429_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1086\/515267","volume":"177","author":"A Strady","year":"1998","unstructured":"Strady, A. et al. Antibody persistence following preexposure regimens of cell-culture rabies vaccines: 10-year follow-up and proposal for a new booster policy. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 1290\u20131295 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"4429_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.087","volume":"26","author":"B Dodet","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dodet, B. et al. Fighting rabies in Africa: the Africa Rabies Expert Bureau (AfroREB). Vaccine 26, 6295\u20136298 (2008).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4429_CR47","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Human Rabies Vaccines Global Market Study \u2013 Public Summary https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/immunization\/mi4a\/human-rabies-vaccine-market-study_public_summary.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"4429_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.05.019","volume":"38","author":"YC Carol Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carol Liu, Y. C. et al. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) as an adverse event following immunization (AEFI): case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 38, 4717\u20134731 (2020).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4429_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127384","volume":"61","author":"P Lambach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lambach, P. et al. Report from the World Health Organization\u2019s immunization and vaccines-related implementation research advisory committee (IVIR-AC) meeting, virtual gathering, 17\u201321 February 2025. Vaccine 61, 127384 (2025).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4429_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.007","volume":"26","author":"L Geue","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geue, L. et al. Genetic characterisation of attenuated SAD rabies virus strains used for oral vaccination of wildlife. Vaccine 26, 3227\u20133235 (2008).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4429_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.56.1.12-18.1985","volume":"56","author":"B Dietzschold","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dietzschold, B. et al. Differences in cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic and apathogenic rabies virus in vivo and in vitro. J. Virol. 56, 12\u201318 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"4429_CR52","unstructured":"US Food & Drug Administration. Imovax rabies https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/vaccines\/imovax-rabies (2019)."},{"key":"4429_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7118a2","volume":"71","author":"AK Rao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao, A. K. et al. Use of a modified preexposure prophylaxis vaccination schedule to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 71, 619\u2013627 (2022).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"4429_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris, P. A. et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J. Biomed. Inform. 95, 103208 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"4429_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, P. A. et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)-a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J. Biomed. Inform. 42, 377\u2013381 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"4429_CR56","first-page":"535","volume":"48","author":"JS Smith","year":"1973","unstructured":"Smith, J. S., Yager, P. A. & Baer, G. M. A rapid reproducible test for determining rabies neutralizing antibody. Bull. World Health Organ. 48, 535\u2013541 (1973).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"4429_CR57","unstructured":"Rupprecht, C. E., Fooks, A. R., Abela-Ridder, B. & World Health Organization. Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, Vol. 1 (WHO, 2018)."},{"key":"4429_CR58","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Good review practice: clinical review of investigational new drug applications https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/Drugs\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/UCM377108.pdf (2013)."}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04429-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04429-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04429-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:02:18Z","timestamp":1784210538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04429-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-026-04429-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"W.H.C. serves as the US FDA IND sponsor representative for the investigational vaccine. J.R.O. is a member of the Moderna Therapeutics New Vaccines Advisory Board, a consultant for ENA Respiratory, and reports research funding from ENA Respiratory and Pfizer provided to his institution. R.R.R. is currently employed by Moderna Therapeutics and may own Moderna shares. M.J.S. has a pending patent application for 3D-6-acyl PHAD-SE. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}