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F.B. is a member of the steering committee or data safety monitoring board for Biogen, Merck, Eisai, Prothena and Idorsia; is a member of the advisory board for Combinostics, Scottish Brain Sciences, IXICO and Alzheimer Europe; is a consultant for Roche, Celltrion, Merck and Bracco; has research agreements with ADDI, Merck, Biogen, GE Healthcare, Icometrix and Roche; is a co-founder and shareholder of Queen Square Analytics; and A.B.-O. has received fees for consulting and\/or advisory board participation from AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cabaletta, Capstan, EMD Serono, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Horizon Therapeutics, Immunic, Moderna, Neuron23, Novartis, Oculis, Roche Genentech, Sanofi, Sudo and Zenas BioTherapeutics; has received grant support to the University of Pennsylvania from Merck, EMD Serono, Roche, Genentech, Biogen Idec and Novartis; and has received research support from the National MS Society (NMSS), the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, MS Canada, Brain Canada, the Colton Center for Autoimmunity, CREATE, and the Melissa and Paul Anderson Chair in Neuroinflammation. O.C. is a member of the data safety monitoring board for Novartis; has acted as a consultant for Biogen, Merck, Roche and Lundbeck over the past 3 years; and has received research grant support from the MS Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Rosetree Trust and the National MS Society. M.F. is editor-in-chief of the\n                      Journal of Neurology\n                      and an associate editor of\n                      Human Brain Mapping\n                      ,\n                      Neurological Sciences\n                      , and\n                      Radiology\n                      ; has received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; has received compensation for speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi and Takeda; has received compensation for participation in advisory boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi and Takeda; has received compensation for scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme; and receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla. The University Hospital Basel and the Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience, as employers of CG, have received research grants from Siemens, GeNeuro, Genzyme-Sanofi, Biogen, Hoffmann la Roche and Novartis; C.G. has received advisory board and consultancy fees from Actelion, Genzyme-Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro, Merck, Biogen and Hoffmann La Roche; and has received speaker fees from Genzyme-Sanofi, Novartis, GeNeuro, Merck, Biogen and Hoffmann La Roche. B.H. has served on advisory boards for Novartis, Polpharma, Amgen and Hoffmann-La Roche, and on data safety monitoring committee boards for AllergyCare, Polpharma, Sandoz, Biocom and TG Therapeutics; and has received honoraria for consulting services provided to clients of the Gerson Lehrman Group and Alpha Sights, for expert advice from Wuesthoff&Wuesthoff, and for educational activities organized by neuro.today and patients.today. B.H.\u2019s institution (University of Munich) has received funding for research projects by Polpharma and Hoffmann-La Roche. O.H.K. has received research support from Merck. H.J.K. has received research support from AprilBio, Eisai, Good T cells and UCB; has received consultancy and\/or speaker fees from Alexion, Altos Biologics, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Eisai, GC Pharma, Kaigene, MDimune, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Roche, Samsung Bioepis and Sanofi; and is a co-editor for the\n                      Multiple Sclerosis Journal\n                      and an associate editor for the\n                      Journal of Clinical Neurology\n                      . X.M.\u2019s organization (Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia) has received compensation for lecture honoraria and travel expenses, for participation in scientific meetings, for clinical trial steering committee membership, or for clinical advisory board participation in recent years from Abbvie, Actelion, Alexion, Bial PD, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb\/Celgene, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Hoffmann-La Roche, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Medday, Merck, Mylan, Nervgen, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Peervoice, Samsung-Biosys, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceutical, TG Therapeutics, Excemed, Medscape, ECTRIMS, MSIF and NMSS and any of their affiliates. E.M. reports research funding from Biogen and Genentech; consulting fees from SetPoint Medical and Octave; and royalties for editorial duties for UpToDate. D.O. has received research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Race to Erase MS Foundation, Genentech, Genzyme, Bristol Myers Squibb and Novartis; and has received consulting fees from Ardanza Biopharma, Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Continuem Therapeutics, Convelo, Genentech\/Roche, Novartis and Sanofi. A.P. holds the Senior Canada Research Chair in Multiple Sclerosis; and receives research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, MSCanada, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the International Progressive MS Alliance and Biogen. D.S.R. has received research funding from the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Cure Alzheimer\u2019s Foundation, Abata Therapeutics and Sanofi. A.R. serves or has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi, Synthetic MR, Roche, Bayer and Biogen; and has received speaker honoraria from Bayer, Sanofi, Merck, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Novartis, Roche, BMS, Neuroaxpharm and Biogen; and is the chief medical officer and a co-founder of TensorMedical. P.S. has received research support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Race to Erase MS Foundation, the Erwin Rautenberg Foundation and Biogen Idec; and has received consulting fees from Sanofi. A.J.S. reports consulting for Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals and TG Therapeutics; served on advisory boards for Octave Biosciences, TG Therapeutics, Horizon Therapeutics, Genentech, Sanofi and Bristol Meyers Squibb; provided non-promotional speaking for EMD Serono, Merck and Sanofi; was a site principal investigator for contract research for Sanofi, Actelion, Genentech\/Roche and Novartis; and received research funding from Bristol Meyers Squibb. M.P.S. received consulting fees from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Immunic and Zenas. B.S. declares research funding (received by the institution) from Roche, Novartis and Merck; and declares compensation for lectures from Roche, Novartis, Merck, Alexion, Biogen and Sanofi. MT has received compensation for consulting services, speaking honoraria and research support from Almirall, Bayer Schering Pharma, Biogen-Idec, BMS, Genzyme, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Viela Bio and Teva Pharmaceuticals; has served on data safety monitoring boards for Parexel and UCB Biopharma, and on a relapse adjudication committee for Imcyse. A. Traboulsee receives research support from MS Canada, Roche and Sanofi; receives consulting fees from Sanofi, Roche and EMD Serono; and receives speaker fees from Sanofi and Roche. A.v.d.W. has served on advisory boards and received travel honoraria and unrestricted research grants from Novartis, Merck, UCB, Sanofi, Argenx, Neuraxpharm and Roche; receives payment as the chief operating officer of the MSBase Foundation (a nonprofit organization); and receives primary research support from MS Research Australia. H.W. receives honoraria for acting as a member of scientific advisory boards for Alexion, Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz-Hexal and uniQure biopharma; has received speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, AOCN, AstraZeneca, Biogen, BGP Products Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb, CEMCAT, EPG Health\/Medthority, Genzyme, Kohlhammer, Merck, MS at the Limits, Neurodiem, NMSS, Novartis, Ology, Roche, Sanofi, Springer, Streamed up, TEVA, Uvet, and WebMD Global; acts as a paid consultant for Alexion, Argenx, Argobio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Fondazione Cariplo, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, INmune Bio\/Syneos Health, Janssen, LTS, Lundbeck, Merck, Muna Therapeutics, Myrobalan Therapeutics, Novartis, PSL Group, Red Nucleus, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Teladochealth, Toleranzia, UCB and Viatris; and receives research funding from Deutsche Myasthenie Gesellschaft, the European Union, Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics, Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche and UCB Biopharma. PAC has received consulting honoraria from Biogen, Lilly, Roche, and Novartis. T.C., Y.H., C.L.F., A.S. and A. Thompson declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}