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Here we report a double neural bypass (DNB), a hybrid neuroprosthetic system designed to restore both immediate and lasting gains in movement and sensation after a severe, complete spinal cord injury. The DNB links an intracortical brain\u2013computer interface with targeted and patterned neuromodulation of the spinal cord and cortex. This allows brain signals associated with movement intention to directly control the movement of the user\u2019s own hand in real time while also promoting long-term sensorimotor recovery\u2014even after the system is turned off. The DNB system uses recurrent artificial neural networks and reinforcement learning for fine grasp control, together with patterned spinal cord stimulation and activity-informed intracortical microstimulation (\u2018cortical mirroring\u2019) to promote neuroplasticity and durable recovery of function. In a participant with chronic C4 sensory\/C5 motor complete tetraplegia, this hybrid approach enabled recovery of functional abilities including self-feeding and manipulation of delicate objects, while also producing significant and persistent improvements in elbow flexion and wrist tactile sensation. These findings demonstrate the potential of combining a sensorimotor neuroprosthesis with targeted brain and spinal neuromodulation to restore clinically relevant function in severe paralysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04498-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:01:35Z","timestamp":1784214095000},"page":"2591-2601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A neuroprosthesis for restoring hand movement and sensation in a person with complete tetraplegia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Santosh","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Wandelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniket","family":"Jangam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeev","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7562-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erona","family":"Ibroci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle A.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ramdeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo-won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junqian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Glasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Neuwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7950-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Crone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Fifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8479-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gelana","family":"Tostaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Funaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Carras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Pruitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Netanel","family":"Ben-Shalom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashesh D.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6297-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad E.","family":"Bouton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303270","volume":"106","author":"BS Armour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Armour, B. 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