{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:29:47Z","timestamp":1793838587842,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, resulting in disabling motor symptoms. Intracerebral transplantation of stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors to replace lost endogenous dopaminergic neurons offers a new potentially restorative therapeutic approach for PD. Here we report the 12-month primary safety end point and interim efficacy outcomes from a phase 1\/2, open-label, multicenter trial evaluating STEM-PD, a cryopreserved, off-the-shelf dopaminergic progenitor product derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Eight individuals with moderate PD underwent bilateral intraputaminal transplantation at two escalating doses (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094 per cohort), followed by 12\u2009months of immunosuppression. Seven participants completed 12-month follow-up; one participant died from a pulmonary infection. No serious adverse events were attributed to the cell product, no graft-induced dyskinesias were observed and serial magnetic resonance imaging showed no evidence of tumor formation. These findings support the feasibility and favorable safety profile of human pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitor transplantation in this early-phase study, with risks primarily associated with the immunosuppression regimen. Ongoing follow-up to 36\u2009months will further evaluate durability, clinical outcomes and graft function. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05635409\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT05635409<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04525-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T12:01:12Z","timestamp":1783598472000},"page":"3449-3457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic cells for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a phase 1\/2 open-label trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Bjartmarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8203-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Kirkeby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Nelander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kayhanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Harry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cutting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Fazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. P.","family":"Lao-Kaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"van Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ull\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Grubor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Piccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Lindvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bj\u00f6rklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Widner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. A.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","volume":"18","author":"GBDN Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collaborators, G. B. D. N. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 18, 459\u2013480 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","volume":"8","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey, E. R., Sherer, T., Okun, M. S. & Bloem, B. R. The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J. Parkinsons Dis. 8, S3\u2013S8 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"4525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","volume":"397","author":"BR Bloem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloem, B. R., Okun, M. S. & Klein, C. Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 397, 2284\u20132303 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01478-2","volume":"403","author":"HR Morris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morris, H. R., Spillantini, M. G., Sue, C. M. & Williams-Gray, C. H. The pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 403, 293\u2013304 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00568-3","volume":"39","author":"W Dauer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dauer, W. & Przedborski, S. Parkinson\u2019s disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron 39, 889\u2013909 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"4525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01429-0","volume":"403","author":"T Foltynie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foltynie, T. et al. Medical, surgical, and physical treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 403, 305\u2013324 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106023","volume":"121","author":"L Verhagen Metman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verhagen Metman, L., Monje, M. H. G., Obeso, J. A. & Martinez-Fernandez, R. Focused ultrasound therapy: back to the future. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 121, 106023 (2024).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"4525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1224","volume":"323","author":"MJ Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong, M. J. & Okun, M. S. Choosing a Parkinson disease treatment. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 323, 1420 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"4525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605245113","volume":"113","author":"W Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Extensive graft-derived dopaminergic innervation is maintained 24 years after transplantation in the degenerating parkinsonian brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 6544\u20136549 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"4525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.4749","volume":"71","author":"Z Kefalopoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kefalopoulou, Z. et al. Long-term clinical outcome of fetal cell transplantation for Parkinson disease: two case reports. JAMA Neurol. 71, 83\u201387 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70295-8","volume":"12","author":"RA Barker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barker, R. A., Barrett, J., Mason, S. L. & Bjorklund, A. Fetal dopaminergic transplantation trials and the future of neural grafting in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 12, 84\u201391 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441002","volume":"344","author":"CR Freed","year":"2001","unstructured":"Freed, C. R. et al. Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe Parkinson\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 710\u2013719 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4525_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10720","volume":"54","author":"CW Olanow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olanow, C. W. et al. A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann. Neurol. 54, 403\u2013414 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker, R. A. et al. The TransEuro open-label trial of human fetal ventral mesencephalic transplantation in patients with moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Biotechnol.44, 70\u201378 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-025-02567-2"},{"key":"4525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0507-2","volume":"25","author":"RA Barker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barker, R. A. Designing stem-cell-based dopamine cell replacement trials for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Med. 25, 1045\u20131053 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"4525_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, G., Morizane, A., Kirkeby, A., Takahashi, J. & Henchcliffe, C. in International Review of Movement Disorders: Device-Aided Therapies in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (eds Odin, P. et al.) Vol. 7, 191\u2013220 (Elsevier, 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irmvd.2024.08.004"},{"key":"4525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.12.005","volume":"32","author":"A Kirkeby","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kirkeby, A., Main, H. & Carpenter, M. Pluripotent stem-cell-derived therapies in clinical trial: a 2025 update. Cell Stem Cell 32, 10\u201337 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"4525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08700-0","volume":"641","author":"N Sawamoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sawamoto, N. et al. Phase I\/II trial of iPS-cell-derived dopaminergic cells for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nature 641, 971\u2013977 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08845-y","volume":"641","author":"V Tabar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tabar, V. et al. Phase I trial of hES cell-derived dopaminergic neurons for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nature 641, 978\u2013983 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.09.010","volume":"188","author":"JW Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang, J. W.et al. Phase 1\/2a clinical trial of hESC-derived dopamine progenitors in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cell 188, 7036\u20137048(2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.08.014","volume":"30","author":"A Kirkeby","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kirkeby, A. et al. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell 30, 1299\u20131314(2023).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"4525_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","volume":"25","author":"CL Tomlinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomlinson, C. L. et al. Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 25, 2649\u20132653 (2010).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"4525_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.80122","volume":"2","author":"EM Kasper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kasper, E. M. et al. Post-transplant aspergillosis and the role of combined neurosurgical and antifungal therapies under belatacept immunosuppression. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2, 75 (2011).","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"4525_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/16060","volume":"2","author":"P Piccini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Piccini, P. et al. Dopamine release from nigral transplants visualized in vivo in a Parkinson\u2019s patient. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 1137\u20131140 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"4525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2026.102818","volume":"21","author":"AJ Curle","year":"2026","unstructured":"Curle, A. J. et al. The immunological profile of RC17 hESC-derived dopaminergic neural progenitor cells in vitro: implications for the STEM-PD clinical trial. Stem Cell Rep. 21, 102818 (2026).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"4525_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520420033021","volume":"46","author":"O Lindvall","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lindvall, O. et al. Human fetal dopamine neurons grafted into the striatum in two patients with severe Parkinson\u2019s disease. A detailed account of methodology and a 6-month follow-up. Arch. Neurol. 46, 615\u2013631 (1989).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2105529","volume":"247","author":"O Lindvall","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lindvall, O. et al. Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 247, 574\u2013577 (1990).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00983","volume":"9","author":"R Erasmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erasmi, R. et al. White matter changes along the electrode lead in patients treated with deep brain stimulation. Front. Neurol. 9, 983 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232385","volume":"141","author":"C Cheyuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheyuo, C. et al. Comprehensive characterization of intracranial hemorrhage in deep brain stimulation: a systematic review of literature from 1987 to 2023. J. Neurosurg. 141, 381\u2013393 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"4525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.7.1380","volume":"123","author":"P Brundin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brundin, P. et al. Bilateral caudate and putamen grafts of embryonic mesencephalic tissue treated with lazaroids in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 123, 1380\u20131390 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.6.1121","volume":"122","author":"P Hagell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hagell, P. et al. Sequential bilateral transplantation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: effects of the second graft. Brain 122, 1121\u20131132 (1999).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24820","volume":"81","author":"JH Kordower","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kordower, J. H. et al. Robust graft survival and normalized dopaminergic innervation do not obligate recovery in a Parkinson disease patient. Ann. Neurol. 81, 46\u201357 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"4525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh649","volume":"128","author":"P Piccini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Piccini, P. et al. Factors affecting the clinical outcome after neural transplantation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 128, 2977\u20132986 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4525_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.066811","volume":"51","author":"Y Ma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Dopamine cell implantation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: long-term clinical and 18F-FDOPA PET outcomes. J. Nucl. Med. 51, 7\u201315 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"4525_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2716","volume":"42","author":"J Nelson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nelson, J. et al. Consensus recommendations for use of maintenance immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation: endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, American Society of Transplantation, and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Pharmacotherapy 42, 599\u2013633 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"4525_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2718","volume":"42","author":"J Nelson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nelson, J. et al. Consensus recommendations for use of maintenance immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation: endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, American Society of Transplantation, and International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: an executive summary. Pharmacotherapy 42, 594\u2013598 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"4525_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-107597","volume":"15","author":"G Paul","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paul, G. et al. STEM-PD trial protocol: a multi-centre, single-arm, first-in-human, dose-escalation trial, investigating the safety and tolerability of intraputamenal transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic cells for Parkinson\u2019s disease. BMJ Open 15, e107597 (2025).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4525_CR38","first-page":"161","volume":"10","author":"A Leuzy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leuzy, A. et al. Validation of a spatial normalization method using a principal component derived adaptive template for [18F]florbetaben PET. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 10, 161\u2013167 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging."}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04525-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04525-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04525-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1789480986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04525-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-026-04525-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was supported financially by Novo Nordisk A\/S, Denmark, but the study was performed as an academically led trial with Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital as sponsor, and all trial-related decisions and data analysis have been under the control and responsibility of the sponsor. G.P., H.B., A.K., B.H., E.C., N.P.L.-K., H.W. and M.P. have performed consultancy work and\/or received speaker fees from Novo Nordisk A\/S during the course of the trial as support for further product development. A.K. is an advisor to Cellular Intelligence regarding cell therapies. R.A.B. advises\/has advised the following companies about dopamine cell therapies for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Novo Nordisk, Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, Bluerock Therapeutics\/Bayer and Aspen Neuroscience. R.A.B. advises other companies on other therapeutics and patient-reported outcomes including UCB, Neurona, Rinri Therapeutics, Synacure, Sniprbiome and Harness therapeutics. R.A.B. receives royalties from Springer Nature and Wiley. R.S. reports speaker\/consultancy fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk A\/S, Roche and Triolab. O.H. is an employee of both Eli Lilly and Lund University, Sweden. A.K. and M.P. are inventors and hold royalty agreements on patent WO2016162747A2\/A3 relating to the manufacturing of the STEM-PD product. All other authors report no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}