{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:52:30Z","timestamp":1792705950130,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"This was an investigator-initiated trial supported by an unrestricted grant from Bionorica SE, which also provided the study medication."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04546-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:01:16Z","timestamp":1785920476000},"page":"3396-3405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dronabinol for nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3165-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Roepke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Schoofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathlen","family":"Priebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4139-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Wuelfing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0232-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Gieselmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Stieglbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milagros","family":"Galve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gallinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schmahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Z\u00e4hringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Roehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9422-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin D.","family":"Spr\u00fcnken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5347-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Friede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5188-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolou","family":"Maslahati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4051-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Otte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Koglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edn (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"4546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000254","volume":"9","author":"E Monson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monson, E., Caron, J., McCloskey, K. & Brunet, A. Longitudinal analysis of quality of life across the trauma spectrum. Psychol. Trauma 9, 605\u2013612 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"4546_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15","volume":"68","author":"J Sareen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sareen, J., Afifi, T. O., McMillan, K. A. & Asmundson, G. J. Relationship between household income and mental disorders: findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 68, 419\u2013427 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1612499","volume":"376","author":"A Shalev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shalev, A., Liberzon, I. & Marmar, C. Post-traumatic stress disorder. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 2459\u20132469 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","volume":"47","author":"KC Koenen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koenen, K. C. et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol. Med. 47, 2260\u20132274 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"4546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","volume":"66","author":"S Seedat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seedat, S. et al. Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 66, 785\u2013795 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.08.008","volume":"12","author":"VI Spoormaker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spoormaker, V. I. & Montgomery, P. Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: secondary symptom or core feature? Sleep Med. Rev. 12, 169\u2013184 (2008).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"4546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.032","volume":"61","author":"MA Raskind","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raskind, M. A. et al. A parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatr. 61, 928\u2013934 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR9","first-page":"Cd002795","volume":"3","author":"T Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams, T., Phillips, N. J., Stein, D. J. & Ipser, J. C. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, Cd002795 (2022).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"4546_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05793.x","volume":"1208","author":"J Cukor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cukor, J., Olden, M., Lee, F. & Difede, J. Evidence-based treatments for PTSD, new directions, and special challenges. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1208, 82\u201389 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"4546_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8","volume":"17","author":"JA Brownlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brownlow, J. A., Harb, G. C. & Ross, R. J. Treatment of sleep disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature. Curr. Psychiatr. Rep. 17, 41 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatr. Rep."},{"key":"4546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110557","volume":"117","author":"G de Moraes Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Moraes Costa, G. et al. Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antidepressants for sleep quality disturbances in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 117, 110557 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111253","volume":"136","author":"TP Mendes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mendes, T. P. et al. Factors impacting prazosin efficacy for nightmares and insomnia in PTSD patients\u2014a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr. 136, 111253 (2025).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507598","volume":"378","author":"MA Raskind","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raskind, M. A. et al. Trial of prazosin for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 507\u2013517 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4546_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.162","volume":"43","author":"MN Hill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hill, M. N., Campolongo, P., Yehuda, R. & Patel, S. Integrating endocannabinoid signaling and cannabinoids into the biology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 43, 80\u2013102 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4546_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2647-8030","volume":"59","author":"S Lyndon","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lyndon, S. The endocannabinoid system in PTSD: molecular targets for modulating fear and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry 59, 57\u201365 (2026).","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"4546_CR17","volume":"11","author":"L Steardo Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steardo, L. Jr et al. Endocannabinoid system as therapeutic target of PTSD: a systematic review. Life (Basel) 11, 214 (2021).","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"4546_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1377","volume":"4","author":"T Passie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D. & Halpern, J. H. Mitigation of post-traumatic stress symptoms by cannabis resin: a review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug Test. Anal. 4, 649\u2013659 (2012).","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"4546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152473","volume":"11","author":"MJ Pava","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pava, M. J., Makriyannis, A. & Lovinger, D. M. Endocannabinoid signaling regulates sleep stability. PLoS ONE 11, e0152473 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088672","volume":"9","author":"MJ Pava","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pava, M. J., den Hartog, C. R., Blanco-Centurion, C., Shiromani, P. J. & Woodward, J. J. Endocannabinoid modulation of cortical up-states and NREM sleep. PLoS ONE 9, e88672 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp140523","volume":"72","author":"K Betthauser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Betthauser, K., Pilz, J. & Vollmer, L. E. Use and effects of cannabinoids in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 72, 1279\u20131284 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"4546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20243","volume":"20","author":"MO Bonn-Miller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Feldner, M. T., Bernstein, A. & Zvolensky, M. J. Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event-exposed marijuana users. J. Traum. Stress 20, 577\u2013586 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Traum. Stress"},{"key":"4546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.3.369","volume":"153","author":"JD Bremner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Darnell, A. & Charney, D. S. Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: course of illness and substance abuse. Am. J. Psychiatr. 153, 369\u2013375 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.19433","volume":"335","author":"M Hsu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hsu, M., Shah, A., Jordan, A., Gold, M. S. & Hill, K. P. Therapeutic use of cannabis and cannabinoids: a review. JAMA 335, 345\u2013359 (2026).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15r10036","volume":"77","author":"ST Wilkinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilkinson, S. T., Radhakrishnan, R. & D\u2019Souza, D. C. A systematic review of the evidence for medical marijuana in psychiatric indications. J. Clin. Psychiatr. 77, 1050\u20131064 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000180","volume":"34","author":"C Cameron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cameron, C., Watson, D. & Robinson, J. Use of a synthetic cannabinoid in a correctional population for posttraumatic stress disorder-related insomnia and nightmares, chronic pain, harm reduction, and other indications: a retrospective evaluation. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 34, 559\u2013564 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"4546_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x","volume":"15","author":"GA Fraser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fraser, G. A. The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Neurosci. Ther. 15, 84\u201388 (2009).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"4546_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.11.002","volume":"51","author":"R Jetly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jetly, R., Heber, A., Fraser, G. & Boisvert, D. The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: a preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51, 585\u2013588 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4546_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-014-0212-3","volume":"34","author":"P Roitman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roitman, P., Mechoulam, R., Cooper-Kazaz, R. & Shalev, A. Preliminary, open-label, pilot study of add-on oral \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Clin. Drug Investig. 34, 587\u2013591 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"4546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246990","volume":"16","author":"MO Bonn-Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonn-Miller, M. O. et al. The short-term impact of 3 smoked cannabis preparations versus placebo on PTSD symptoms: a randomized cross-over clinical trial. PLoS ONE 16, e0246990 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4546_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(26)00015-5","volume":"13","author":"J Wilson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wilson, J. et al. The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 13, 304\u2013315 (2026).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4546_CR32","volume":"2026","author":"CR Silva-Rosas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Silva-Rosas, C. R., Angus-Leppan, H., Quijada, A. H. & Briceno, A. G. Vivid dreams and nightmares as an adverse effect of beta-blockers in the treatment of episodic migraine. Case Rep. Neurol. Med. 2026, 5581364 (2026).","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol. Med."},{"key":"4546_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2001.00249.x","volume":"10","author":"EF Pace-Schott","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pace-Schott, E. F. et al. SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjects. J. Sleep Res. 10, 129\u2013142 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"4546_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.465","volume":"18","author":"JF Pagel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pagel, J. F. & Helfter, P. Drug induced nightmares\u2014an etiology based review. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 18, 59\u201367 (2003).","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"4546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199502000-00013","volume":"18","author":"E Lepkifker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lepkifker, E., Dannon, P. N., Iancu, I., Ziv, R. & Kotler, M. Nightmares related to fluoxetine treatment. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 18, 90\u201394 (1995).","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"4546_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-105076","volume":"50","author":"JA Buschkamp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buschkamp, J. A., Frohn, C. & Juckel, G. Mirtazapine induces nightmares in depressed patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 50, 161 (2017).","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"4546_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01579073","volume":"43","author":"B Sharf","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sharf, B., Moskovitz, C., Lupton, M. D. & Klawans, H. L. Dream phenomena induced by chronic levodopa therapy. J. Neural Transm. 43, 143\u2013151 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"4546_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.18150","volume":"33","author":"DF Thompson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thompson, D. F. & Pierce, D. R. Drug-induced nightmares. Ann. Pharmacother. 33, 93\u201398 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"4546_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.4.579b","volume":"153","author":"R Balon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Balon, R. Bupropion and nightmares. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 579\u2013580 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4546_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429264","volume":"43","author":"AM Risberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Risberg, A. M., Risberg, J. & Ingvar, D. H. Effects of promethazine on nocturnal sleep in normal man. Psychopharmacologia 43, 279\u2013284 (1975).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"4546_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001130","volume":"34","author":"DJ Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, D. J., Weathers, F. W., Thompson-Hollands, J., Sloan, D. M. & Marx, B. P. Concordance in PTSD symptom change between DSM-5 versions of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) and PTSD Checklist (PCL-5). Psychol. Assess. 34, 604\u2013609 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"4546_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2018.0658","volume":"22","author":"DJ Casarett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Casarett, D. J., Beliveau, J. N. & Arbus, M. S. Benefit of tetrahydrocannabinol versus cannabidiol for common palliative care symptoms. J. Palliat. Med. 22, 1180\u20131184 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"4546_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.13","volume":"10","author":"MT Lynskey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lynskey, M. T., Athanasiou-Fragkouli, A., Thurgur, H., Schlag, A. K. & Nutt, D. J. Medicinal cannabis for treating post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression: real-world evidence. BJPsych Open 10, e62 (2024).","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"4546_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2025.102164","volume":"84","author":"R Velzeboer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Velzeboer, R. et al. Cannabis and sleep architecture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 84, 102164 (2025).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"4546_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.05.023","volume":"219","author":"B Freed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freed, B. et al. Assessing blinding in trials of psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis based on blinding index. Psychiatr. Res. 219, 241\u2013247 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"4546_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114297","volume":"307","author":"AJ Scott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scott, A. J., Sharpe, L. & Colagiuri, B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the success of blinding in antidepressant RCTs. Psychiatr. Res. 307, 114297 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"4546_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06221-6","volume":"239","author":"M Butler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butler, M., Jelen, L. & Rucker, J. Expectancy in placebo-controlled trials of psychedelics: if so, so what? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 239, 3047\u20133055 (2022).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"4546_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01127","volume":"10","author":"AS BaHammam","year":"2019","unstructured":"BaHammam, A. S. & Almeneessier, A. S. Dreams and nightmares in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a review. Front. Neurol. 10, 1127 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"4546_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020415","volume":"11","author":"CA McCall","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCall, C. A. & Watson, N. F. A narrative review of the association between post-traumatic stress disorder and obstructive sleep apnea. J. Clin. Med. 11, 415 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"4546_CR50","first-page":"9","volume":"9","author":"DA Oh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oh, D. A., Parikh, N., Khurana, V., Cognata Smith, C. & Vetticaden, S. Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of dronabinol oral solution versus dronabinol capsules in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. 9, 9\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4546_CR51","unstructured":"Schneider, S. & Kogan, I. The International Standard Classification of Education 1997: Challenges in the application to national data and the implementation in cross-national surveys. In The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-97): An Evaluation of Content and Criterion Validity for 15 European Countries (ed. Schneider, S. L.) 13\u201346 (MZES, Mannheim, 2008)."},{"key":"4546_CR52","first-page":"22","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan, D. V. et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J. Clin. Psychiatr. 59, 22\u201333 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132","volume":"151","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bernstein, D. P. et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am. J. Psychiatr. 151, 1132\u20131136 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04818-5","volume":"23","author":"S Roepke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roepke, S. et al. Treating nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder with dronabinol: study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled study (THC PTSD-trial). BMC Psychiatry 23, 319 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"4546_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","volume":"30","author":"FW Weathers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weathers, F. W. et al. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM\u20135 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol. Assess. 30, 383 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"4546_CR56","first-page":"75","volume":"8","author":"DD Blake","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blake, D. D. et al. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J. Traum. Stress 8, 75\u201390 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Traum. Stress"},{"key":"4546_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery, S. A. & \u00c5sberg, M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br. J. Psychiatr. 134, 382\u2013389 (1979).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"4546_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy, W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology (US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976).","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"key":"4546_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.02.001","volume":"19","author":"A Germain","year":"2005","unstructured":"Germain, A., Hall, M., Krakow, B., Shear, M. K. & Buysse, D. J. A brief sleep scale for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD. J. Anxiety Disord. 19, 233\u2013244 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"4546_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059","volume":"28","author":"CA Blevins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K. & Domino, J. L. The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. J. Traum. Stress 28, 489\u2013498 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Traum. Stress"},{"key":"4546_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. & Kupfer, D. J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28, 193\u2013213 (1989).","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"4546_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1642","volume":"35","author":"CE Carney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carney, C. E. et al. The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep 35, 287\u2013302 (2012).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"4546_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EuroQol Group EuroQol\u2014a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 16, 199\u2013208 (1990).","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"4546_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199711000-00002","volume":"35","author":"P Dolan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dolan, P. Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med. Care 35, 1095\u20131108 (1997).","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"4546_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.9.1148","volume":"149","author":"HH Goldman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldman, H. H., Skodol, A. E. & Lave, T. R. Revising Axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning. Am. J. Psychiatry 149, 1148\u20131156 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4546_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000173701","volume":"42","author":"M Bohus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bohus, M. et al. The short version of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23): development and initial data on psychometric properties. Psychopathology 42, 32\u201339 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"4546_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956","volume":"138","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cloitre, M. et al. The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 138, 536\u2013546 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"4546_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.393","volume":"112","author":"AJ Budney","year":"2003","unstructured":"Budney, A. J., Moore, B. A., Vandrey, R. G. & Hughes, J. R. The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 112, 393 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"4546_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.06.001","volume":"17","author":"AW Augedal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Augedal, A. W., Hansen, K. S., Kronhaug, C. R., Harvey, A. G. & Pallesen, S. Randomized controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nightmares: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 17, 143\u2013152 (2013).","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04546-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04546-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04546-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:02:26Z","timestamp":1789480946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04546-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-026-04546-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.R. reports personal fees from Janssen, Otsuka, Bionorica SE (prior to signature of the study contract), Boehringer Ingelheim and Stillachhaus outside the submitted work, and grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), and the Innovation Fund. K.P. reports support from the Rahel Hirsch Program. K.M. reports grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG). J.G. reports research funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the German Research Foundation (DFG), and speaker fees from Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim. C.S. reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work and grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG). T.F. reports institutional grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), and the European Commission, and personal fees for statistical consultancies including data monitoring committees from Actimed Therapeutics, Apellis, argenx, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BerlinHeals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen, BiosenseWebster, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, CSL Behring, CVRx, Daiichi Sankyo, eCovery, Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, IQVIA, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, PINK! Aktiv gegen Brustkrebs, PPD, Priothera, Recardio Inc, Recordati, Relaxera, Roche, Sarfez, UpstreamBio, Viatris Inc, VICO Therapeutics, and Vifor. S.M.G. reports honoraria from Hexal, Streamed-Up, Tegus, Angelini, Boehringer Ingelheim and KISO Health and research funding from DFG, the European Commission, Wellcome and the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP). C.O. reports honoraria for lectures and scientific advice from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Limes Klinikgruppe and Peak Profiling, and research funding from the German Research Foundation (OT 209\/7-3, 14-1, 19-1, 21-1, EXC 2049), the European Commission (IMI2 859366), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (KS2017-067, 01KX2524), the Berlin Institute of Health (B3010350) and Wellcome (303746\/Z\/23\/Z). S.K. reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}