{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:37:40Z","timestamp":1793230660523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04572-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:03:01Z","timestamp":1789030981000},"page":"3372-3384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A bispecific CD3\u00d7CD19 antibody for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingna","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3057-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shovik","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinodh","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7106-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias V.","family":"Lanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Liedtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Onel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamiko R.","family":"Katsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle","family":"Salmasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kerschbaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Teachey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Meffre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa E.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William H.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anbin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0002-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7884-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiubai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e822","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00304-6","volume":"4","author":"R Kandane-Rathnayake","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kandane-Rathnayake, R. et al. Lupus low disease activity state and remission and risk of mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective, multinational, longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 4, e822\u2013e830 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224762","volume":"83","author":"A Fanouriakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fanouriakis, A. et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 15\u201329 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"4572_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.09.011","volume":"39","author":"JB Rice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rice, J. B., White, A. G., Scarpati, L. M., Wan, G. & Nelson, W. W. Long-term Systemic corticosteroid exposure: a systematic literature review. Clin. Ther. 39, 2216\u20132229 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"4572_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00398-2","volume":"403","author":"A Hoi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hoi, A., Igel, T., Mok, C. C. & Arnaud, L. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 403, 2326\u20132338 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4572_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2023.101893","volume":"37","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz-Grajales","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Grajales, C., Yilmaz, E. B., Svenungsson, E. & Touma, Z. Systemic lupus erythematosus and damage: what has changed over the past 20 years? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 37, 101893 (2023).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","volume":"28","author":"A Mackensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mackensen, A. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Med. 28, 2124\u20132132 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308917","volume":"390","author":"F M\u00fcller","year":"2024","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, F. et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease\u2014a case series with follow-up. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 687\u2013700 (2024).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2107725","volume":"385","author":"D Mougiakakos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mougiakakos, D. et al. CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 567\u2013569 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.007","volume":"181","author":"L Fugger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fugger, L., Jensen, L. T. & Rossjohn, J. Challenges, progress, and prospects of developing therapies to treat autoimmune diseases. Cell 181, 63\u201380 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4572_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01148-y","volume":"20","author":"M Papatriantafyllou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papatriantafyllou, M. Off-the-shelf CAR T cells for refractory autoimmunity. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 20, 527 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2023.101136","volume":"63","author":"MS Odstrcil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Odstrcil, M. S., Lee, C. J., Sobieski, C., Weisdorf, D. & Couriel, D. Access to CAR T-cell therapy: focus on diversity, equity and inclusion. Blood Rev. 63, 101136 (2024).","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"4572_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae031","volume":"217","author":"K Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah, K. et al. Disrupting B and T-cell collaboration in autoimmune disease: T-cell engagers versus CAR T-cell therapy? Clin. Exp. Immunol. 217, 15\u201330 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454747","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1454747","volume":"15","author":"WH Robinson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Robinson, W. H. et al. Cutting-edge approaches to B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol. 15, 1454747 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01210-9","volume":"21","author":"M Stockfelt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stockfelt, M., Teng, Y. K. O. & Vital, E. M. Opportunities and limitations of B cell depletion approaches in SLE. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 21, 111\u2013126 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308511120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308511120","volume":"120","author":"R Sender","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sender, R. et al. The total mass, number, and distribution of immune cells in the human body. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2308511120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"4572_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-093019-112809","volume":"40","author":"JI Gray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gray, J. I. & Farber, D. L. Tissue-resident immune cells in humans. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 40, 195\u2013220 (2022).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl5197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl5197","volume":"376","author":"C Dom\u00ednguez Conde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez Conde, C. et al. Cross-tissue immune cell analysis reveals tissue-specific features in humans. Science 376, eabl5197 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4572_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12220","volume":"13","author":"EG Kamburova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamburova, E. G. et al. A single dose of rituximab does not deplete B cells in secondary lymphoid organs but alters phenotype and function. Am. J. Transplant. 13, 1503\u20131511 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"4572_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.2120","volume":"84","author":"C Tur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tur, C. et al. Effects of different B-cell-depleting strategies on the lymphatic tissue. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 84, 2065\u20132074 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"4572_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00521-4","volume":"402","author":"NWCJ van de Donk","year":"2023","unstructured":"van de Donk, N. W. C. J. & Zweegman, S. T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies in cancer. Lancet 402, 142\u2013158 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4572_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411680","volume":"392","author":"S Gupta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gupta, S. et al. Blinatumomab in standard-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 392, 875\u2013891 (2025).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024026830","volume":"145","author":"JD Brody","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brody, J. D. et al. Epcoritamab plus GemOx in transplant-ineligible relapsed\/refractory DLBCL: results from the EPCORE NHL-2 trial. Blood 145, 1621\u20131631 (2025).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4572_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206913","volume":"387","author":"MJ Dickinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dickinson, M. J. et al. Glofitamab for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 2220\u20132231 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR24","first-page":"e23359","volume":"43","author":"A Patel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patel, A. et al. Assessing the risk of cytokine release syndrome associated with the use of antineoplastic agents: a real-world pharmacovigilance study based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database (FAERS). J. Clin. Oncol. 43, e23359 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"4572_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023419","volume":"144","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. CAR T cells vs bispecific antibody as third- or later-line large B-cell lymphoma therapy: a meta-analysis. Blood 144, 629\u2013638 (2024).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4572_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00338-2","volume":"7","author":"LM CAR Ter","year":"2025","unstructured":"CAR Ter, L. M., Ehrenstein, M. R. & Vital, E. M. Evolution and trajectory of B-cell targeted therapies in rheumatic diseases. Lancet Rheumatol. 7, e355\u2013e367 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.9.3047","volume":"147","author":"A Salmer\u00f3n","year":"1991","unstructured":"Salmer\u00f3n, A., S\u00e1nchez-Madrid, F., Ursa, M. A., Fresno, M. & Alarc\u00f3n, B. A conformational epitope expressed upon association of CD3-epsilon with either CD3-delta or CD3-gamma is the main target for recognition by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. 147, 3047\u20133052 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, H., Lee, Y. & Chung, J. Characterization of anti-CD3 antibodies in clinically available bispecific T cell engagers. Semin. Hematol. 62, 279\u2212288 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2025.08.004 (2025).","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2025.08.004"},{"key":"4572_CR29","unstructured":"Mei, C. et al. A-319, a CD3\u00d7CD19 T cell engager, for the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: preliminary evidence of autoimmune reset. ACR Meeting Abstracts https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/a-319-a-cd3xcd19-t-cell-engager-for-the-treatment-of-refractory-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-preliminary-evidence-of-autoimmune-reset\/ (2025)."},{"key":"4572_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6226","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-400515","volume":"119","author":"M Klinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klinger, M. et al. Immunopharmacologic response of patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia to continuous infusion of T cell-engaging CD19\/CD3-bispecific BiTE antibody blinatumomab. Blood 119, 6226\u20136233 (2012).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4572_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.008","volume":"165","author":"R Banchereau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Banchereau, R. et al. Personalized immunomonitoring uncovers molecular networks that stratify lupus patients. Cell 165, 551\u2013565 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4572_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilhelm, A. et al. Selective CAR T cell\u2013mediated B cell depletion suppresses IFN signature in SLE. JCI Insight 9, e179433 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.179433 (2024).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.179433"},{"key":"4572_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622160","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1622160","volume":"2022","author":"X Ning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ning, X., Wang, W.-M. & Jin, H.-Z. Low-density granulocytes in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. J. Immunol. Res. 2022, 1622160 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"4572_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41395","volume":"72","author":"SH Tay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tay, S. H., Celhar, T. & Fairhurst, A.-M. Low-density neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 72, 1587\u20131595 (2020).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218338","volume":"80","author":"KR Bashant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bashant, K. R. et al. Proteomic, biomechanical and functional analyses define neutrophil heterogeneity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 209\u2013218 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"4572_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100450","volume":"187","author":"E Villanueva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Villanueva, E. et al. Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. 187, 538\u2013552 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25222","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908576116","volume":"116","author":"P Mistry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mistry, P. et al. Transcriptomic, epigenetic, and functional analyses implicate neutrophil diversity in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 25222\u201325228 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"4572_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200154","volume":"209","author":"G Wigerblad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wigerblad, G. et al. Single-cell analysis reveals the range of transcriptional states of circulating human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 209, 772\u2013782 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0736-z","volume":"21","author":"X Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, X. et al. Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals neutrophil heterogeneity in homeostasis and infection. Nat. Immunol. 21, 1119\u20131133 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.74","volume":"13","author":"S-Y Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin, S.-Y. et al. A whole genome methylation analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus: hypomethylation of the IL10 and IL1R2 promoters is associated with disease activity. Genes Immun. 13, 214\u2013220 (2012).","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"4572_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2407150","volume":"391","author":"T Alexander","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alexander, T., Kr\u00f6nke, J., Cheng, Q., Keller, U. & Kr\u00f6nke, G. Teclistamab-induced remission in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 864\u2013866 (2024).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2506740","volume":"393","author":"L Bucci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bucci, L. et al. BCMA T-cell engager therapy in patients with refractory autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 1544\u20131547 (2025).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02964-1","volume":"30","author":"L Bucci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bucci, L. et al. Bispecific T cell engager therapy for refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Med. 30, 1593\u20131601 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6158","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-188071","volume":"142","author":"WP Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, W. P. et al. Safety and efficacy of a-319 (a CD3xCD19 T cell engager) in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 142, 6158 (2023).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4572_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00335-7","volume":"23","author":"LE Budde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Budde, L. E. et al. Safety and efficacy of mosunetuzumab, a bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 23, 1055\u20131065 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"4572_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-793141","volume":"130","author":"KA Hay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hay, K. A. et al. Kinetics and biomarkers of severe cytokine release syndrome after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy. Blood 130, 2295\u20132306 (2017).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4572_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4504","volume":"10","author":"M Ventin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ventin, M. et al. Implications of high tumor burden on chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy: a review. JAMA Oncol. 10, 115\u2013121 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"4572_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0040","volume":"6","author":"DT Teachey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teachey, D. T. et al. Identification of predictive biomarkers for cytokine release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Discov. 6, 664\u2013679 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"4572_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025028375","volume":"146","author":"F M\u00fcller","year":"2025","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, F. et al. Comparison of the safety profiles of CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in patients with SLE and B-cell lymphoma. Blood 146, 1088\u20131095 (2025).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4572_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04425-z","volume":"399","author":"OA Sayed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sayed, O. A., Ellebedy, M., Abu-Alsaud, M. A., Meligy, A. I. B. & Gheita, T. A. CAR T cell therapy efficacy and safety in SLE: a systematic review and pooled analysis of 47 patients across 10 studies. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 399, 1565\u20131588 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-025-04425-z (2026).","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4572_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03084-6","volume":"30","author":"DM Cordas Dos Santos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cordas Dos Santos, D. M. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nonrelapse mortality after CAR T cell therapy. Nat. Med. 30, 2667\u20132678 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"4572_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00526","volume":"6","author":"X Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, X., Dorta-Estremera, S., Yao, Y., Shen, N. & Cao, W. Predominant role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in stimulating systemic autoimmunity. Front. Immunol. 6, 526 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"4572_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.015","volume":"52","author":"C Soni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soni, C. et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type I interferon promote extrafollicular B cell responses to extracellular self-DNA. Immunity 52, 1022\u20131038 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"4572_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.046","volume":"24","author":"PP Domeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Domeier, P. P. et al. B-cell-intrinsic type 1 interferon signaling is crucial for loss of tolerance and the development of autoreactive B cells. Cell Rep. 24, 406\u2013418 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"4572_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60954-X","volume":"382","author":"M Wahren-Herlenius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wahren-Herlenius, M. & D\u00f6rner, T. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease. Lancet 382, 819\u2013831 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4572_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42482","volume":"75","author":"DM Ferri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferri, D. M. et al. Elevated levels of interferon-\u03b1 act directly on B cells to breach multiple tolerance mechanisms promoting autoantibody production. Arthritis Rheumatol. 75, 1542\u20131555 (2023).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jang, H. et al. Single-cell level characterization of B cell depletion and repopulation following rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.70116 (2026).","DOI":"10.1002\/art.70116"},{"key":"4572_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38628","volume":"66","author":"L Chiche","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chiche, L. et al. Modular transcriptional repertoire analyses of adults with systemic lupus erythematosus reveal distinct type I and type II interferon signatures. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 1583\u20131595 (2014).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"4572_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hao, Y. et al. Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis. Nat. Biotechnol. 42, 293\u2212304 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y"},{"key":"4572_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.01.006","volume":"57","author":"R Massoni-Badosa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massoni-Badosa, R. et al. An atlas of cells in the human tonsil. Immunity 57, 379\u2013399 (2024).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"4572_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4463","volume":"14","author":"S Aibar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aibar, S. et al. SCENIC: single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering. Nat. Methods 14, 1083\u20131086 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"4572_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24557","volume":"60","author":"Y Yao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. Neutralization of interferon-\u03b1\/\u03b2-inducible genes and downstream effect in a phase I trial of an anti\u2212interferon-\u03b1 monoclonal antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 60, 1785\u20131796 (2009).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"4572_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. A multiomic atlas identifies a treatment-resistant, bone marrow progenitor-like cell population in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat. Cancer 6, 102\u2212122 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43018-024-00863-5 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00863-5"}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04572-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04572-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04572-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:02:28Z","timestamp":1789480948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-026-04572-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-026-04572-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"D.T.T. serves on advisory boards (unpaid) for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Amgen, BEAM Therapeutics, Merck, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, J&J Innovation, Novartis, Pfizer, Sobi, Servier and Syndax. D.T.T. receives laboratory research funding from BEAM Therapeutics and NeoImmune Tech. D.T.T. has patents and patents pending on CAR T cell therapy. V.K. reports research funding from Vor Biopharma and Viracor; consultancy fees from Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo and Servier; and educational honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb and Blueprint Medicines. T.R.K. reports research funding from Sanofi and Beyond Meat. E.M. reports consulting activity with Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Anavo Therapeutics. M. Liedtke reports consulting and\/or advisory relationships with AstraZeneca, Lyell, Nexcella, Bristol Myers Squibb and Ichnos. X.Y. and H.C. report employment and equity in iTabMed Ltd. X.Y. is an inventor on patent US12460000B2, which covers the A-319 bispecific T cell engager used in this trial. M.C.B. reports consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arcus Biosciences, argenx, Cullinan, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Neurocrine, Ouro Medicines, Sanofi, Spero Therapeutics, Xencor and Zenas BioPharma. M.C.B. reports stock options from iTabMed and Ouro Medicines. M.C.B. and T.V.L. are co-founders of, and consultants to, Flatiron Bio and Ebvio, Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}