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Karolina Akinosoglou reports consulting fees from Gilead Hellas, GSK\/ViiV Greece, Pfizer Hellas and SoBI Greece (paid to University of Patras); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Gilead Hellas, GSK\/ViiV Greece, Pfizer Hellas and MSD Greece (paid to University of Patras); and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Gilead Hellas, Norma Hellas, Pfizer Hellas, MSD Greece and Sobi Greece (paid to Conference Secretariat), outside the submitted work. Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq reports a leadership or fiduciary role on other boards, societies, committees or advocacy groups (paid or unpaid) as a member of the Executive Committee of the ISID, outside the submitted work. Muhammad Shahzad Aslam reports grants or contracts from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF; grant no. XMUMRF\/2025-C15\/ITCM\/0006, project title: Therapeutic and Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Herbs for NAFLD: Exploring the Inter-Organelle Contact Sites Modulation Theory, role: co-investigator, January 2025\u2013December 2027), from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF; grant no. XMUMRF\/2023-C11\/ISEM\/0041, project title: Children\u2019s Rights Education in the Early Years of Divorce: An Exploration of Adolescents\u2019 Perspectives, role: co-investigator, January 2023\u2013December 2025) and from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF; grant no. XMUMRF\/2026-C17\/ITCM\/0007, project title: Olfactory Stimulation and Autonomic Regulation in Menstrual Disorders, role: co-investigator, January 2026\u2013December 2028; all internal XMUMRF research grants administered by Xiamen University Malaysia; funds disbursed to institutional research account only; no salary, honoraria, or personal payments to author), outside the submitted work. Colin Stewart Brown reports other financial or nonfinancial interests from occasional ad hoc one-off market research advisories, on a variety of infection topics, which were all anonymous and conducted via market research companies with no direct communication nor any knowledge of any pharmaceutical companies or products (no long-term engagements, and none related to pertussis), outside the submitted work. Haley Marie Cionfolo reports other financial or nonfinancial interests from Booz Allen Hamilton and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; is a contractor supporting the National Centers for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the CDC via Booz Allen, and as part of Haley Marie Cionfolo\u2019s work; and supports the Pertussis team with data visualization for their Surveillance and Trends Page, outside the submitted work. Fernando Pio De la Hoz reports grants or contracts from Merck to study the HPV vaccine (paid to Fernando Pio De la Hoz\u2019s university), outside the submitted work. Rodrigo DeAntonio reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Endpoints Site Network (salary) and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Sanofi (congress attendance), outside the submitted work. Premnath Dhanaraj reports support from medical writing, article writing and comments, article rewriting and research collaboration (manuscript comments and rewriting). Giuseppe Di Martino reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Sanofi\u2013Congress of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Public Health, October 2025, outside the submitted work. Zitta Barrella Harboe reports grants or contracts from Greater Copenhagen Health Science Partners (CAG VAX\u2013Clinical Academic Group Translational Vaccine Research in High-Risk Adults), Independent Research Fund Denmark (Inge Lehmann grant no. 3162-00031B), Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant no. NNF24SA0090556), The Danish Cancer Society (grant no. KBVU-MS R327-A19137), Helen Rudes Foundation and the Danish National Research Foundation (grant no. DNRF170); is an ID consultant at Statens Serum Institut, pneumococcal laboratory; and serves in a leadership or fiduciary role on other boards, societies, committees or advocacy groups (paid or unpaid) as Chair of the Vaccine Study Group (EVASG), European Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), a member of the Danish Vaccination Council (NITAG) and a member of the Scientific Expert Panel (SEP) on ECDC guidance for RSV immunization in adults, outside the submitted work. Ashley A. Harris reports support for the present paper from the Gates Foundation (GBD grant). Irena M. Ilic reports support for the present study from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (no. 451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110). Kewal Krishan reports other financial or nonfinancial interests from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and the RUSA 2.O grant awarded by the Ministry of Education to Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. Lorenzo Monasta reports support for the present study from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34\/2017) and payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. Jonathan F. Mosser reports support for the present study from the Gates Foundation (grant funding); grants or contracts from Gavi (grant funding); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Providence Health & Services (honorarium for continuing medical education presentation); and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from the Gates Foundation (travel support for meeting attendance), outside the submitted work. Ishu Poudyal reports support for the present study from the Gates Foundation, which funds in part Ishu Poudyal\u2019s salary (payment is made to institution). Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani reports receiving help with writing the article and suggestions to improve the text, figures and tables. In connection with this support, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani received consulting fees, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events. Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani received equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services. Luis Felipe Reyes reports grants or contracts from GSK, MSD and Pfizer and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from GSK, Pfizer and Vitalis, outside the submitted work. Omid Rezahosseini reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel from the ESCMID Vaccine Study Group (EVASG) 2025, the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) 2024 and Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital 2025 and other financial or nonfinancial interests as Founder and Director of ClariHooD ApS, outside the submitted work. Luca Ronfani reports support for the present study from the Italian Ministry of Health through the contribution given to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (Ricerca Corrente 34\/2017). Benn Sartorius reports grants or contracts from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (GNT2034827); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from the International Cooperation Forum on Global Health Governance, themed \u2018Digital Intelligence Empowering Health Governance,\u2019 Lanzhou University in Lanzhou, China, 19\u201321 July 2026 (Benn Sartorius was an invited international speaker; Lanzhou University covered Benn Sartorius\u2019s airfare and accommodation); and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Data Access Secretariat and Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), outside the submitted work. Jasvinder A. Singh reports consulting fees from SOBI, ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview healthcare partners, Yale, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals\/DINORA, ANI\/Exeltis USA, SOBI Pharmaceuticals, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta\/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD and Practice Point communications; the National Institutes of Health; and the American College of Rheumatology (consultant fees paid to Jasvinder A. Singh for each entity); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Simply Speaking, on whose speaker\u2019s bureau Jasvinder A. Singh sits (Jasvinder A. Singh previously served as a consultant and consultant fees were paid to Jasvinder A. Singh); support for attending meetings and\/or travel as past steering committee member of OMERACT (Jasvinder A. Singh previously received support from the organization to attend their meeting every 2 years); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as a member of the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee (Jasvinder A. Singh served previously as a member; no financial support); leadership or fiduciary role on other boards, societies, committees or advocacy groups (paid or unpaid), as past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm\u2019s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies (Jasvinder A. Singh previously received support from the organization to attend their meeting every 2 years); and stock or stock options in Atyr pharmaceuticals, Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Atyu biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding, Aebona Pharmaceuticals and Charlotte\u2019s Web Holdings and, previously, in Amarin, Viking and Moderna pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Tuhina Srivastava reports support for the present study from the Gates Foundation. Phoebe Catherine May Williams reports grants or contracts from an NHMRC Investigator Grant, Medical Research Future Funding, Australia, and The Gates Foundation; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events, including an honorarium to speak at ESPID 2026; and support for attending meetings and\/or travel as above, outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}