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Abdullahi reports support for the present paper from the International AIDS Society (IAS) (CIPHER award). S. Afzal reports support for the present paper from the Institute of Public Health Lahore (study material, manuscripts, medical writings and library resources); grants or contracts from the Dean office, Institute of Public Health Lahore (intellectual contributions and time protection); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the Dean, Institute of Public Health Lahore; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Member, Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, Member, Institutional Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Member, Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board, Institute of Public Health Lahore Pakistan, In-charge, Clinical Research Organization, King Edward Medical University, and Member, Annals of King Edward Medical University Advisory Board; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Member, Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee, Member, Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee, Member, Pakistan National Bioethics Committee, Member, Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine, Member, Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Member, Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society, Fellow of LEADS International, Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK and Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Bergen University Norway (computer software and equipment for research writing); and other financial or non-financial interests as Dean Public Health, Institute of Public Health Birdwood Lahore, outside the submitted work. K. Akinosoglou reports consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline\/ViiV, Gilead Hellas, Pfizer and Sobi Hellas (all paid to institution, ELKE, University of Patras); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from GlaxoSmithKline\/ViiV, Gilead Hellas, Pfizer Hellas and Merck Sharp & Dohme (all paid to institution, ELKE, University of Patras); and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Gilead Hellas, Pfizer Hellas, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Norma Hellas, Menarini Greece and ELPEN Greece (all paid to respective congress organizing committee), outside the submitted work. M. Asghar reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel from the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene (ASTMH) (Annual Meeting Travel Award 2022), from the American Society of Nephrology (Kidney Week) (ASN Kidney Stars Award 2023), from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (ID Week) (HIVMA Investigator Travel Award 2024), from the American Society of Nephrology (Kidney Week) (ASN Kidney Stars Award 2024), from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (ID Week) (KASS Resident Abstract Travel Award 2025) and from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) (AACE Domestic Resident In-Training Travel Grant 2026), outside the submitted work. M. Aslam reports grants or contracts from Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF) (grant no. XMUMRF\/2025-C15\/ITCM\/0006, project title \u2018Therapeutic and Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Herbs for NAFLD: Exploring the Inter-Organelle Contact Sites Modulation Theory\u2019, Co-Investigator), Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF) (grant no. XMUMRF\/2023-C11\/ISEM\/0041, project title \u2018Children\u2019s Rights Education in the Early Years of Divorce: An Exploration of Adolescents\u2019 Perspectives\u2019, Co-Investigator) and Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF) (grant no. XMUMRF\/2026-C17\/ITCM\/0007, project title \u2018Olfactory Stimulation and Autonomic Regulation in Menstrual Disorders\u2019, Co-Investigator) (all internal XMUMRF research grants administered by Xiamen University Malaysia; funds disbursed to institutional research account only; no salary, honoraria or personal payments to author), outside the submitted work. V. Baccolini reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (V. Baccolini receives payment for some lectures delivered as a lecturer in Epidemiology and Biostatistics within a postgraduate advanced training course at Sapienza University of Rome) and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the National Verification Committee for Measles and Rubella Elimination, Italy, and the Ethics Committee for Transdisciplinary Research, Sapienza University of Rome, outside the submitted work. A. Beloukas reports grants or contracts from Gilead (research grant and sponsorship to the University of West Attica) and from GlaxoSmithKline\/ViiV (research sponsorship to the University of West Attica); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Gilead and from GlaxoSmithKline\/ViiV (both paid to the University of West Attica); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Gilead and from GlaxoSmithKline\/ViiV (both paid to the University of West Attica); and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from GlaxoSmithKline\/ViiV (paid to the University of West Attica), outside the submitted work. S. Byrne reports support for the present paper from the Gates Foundation (grant no. INV-097117; payments made directly to the University of Washington). A. Eltahawy reports support for the present paper: collaborating revision. E. Haeuser reports support for the present paper from the Gates Foundation (grant no. INV-097117; payments made directly to the University of Washington). Y. Hassan Wada reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as Co-Chair, Community Advisory Board, Pediatric Adolescent Virus Elimination (PAVE) (unpaid), outside the submitted work. R. Hauser reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as Director of Public Health, Texas Medical Association, outside the submitted work. I. Ilic reports support for the present paper from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (no. 451-03-137\/2025-03\/200110). M. Ilic reports support for the present paper from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (no. 451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111). M. Kanaan reports grants or contracts from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the ICALD Programme Steering Committee, Step Forward TSC and ACTIVATE: Trial Steering Committee, outside the submitted work. J. Khubchandani reports grants or contracts from Merck Sharp & Dohme (research unrelated to this study but concerning vaccine hesitancy), from the National Science Foundation (research unrelated to this study but concerning public health message inconsistency) and from New Mexico IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (NM-INBRE) (National Institutes of Health (NIH) P20GM103451 subgrant) (research unrelated to this study but concerning pain disorders in American adults); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from NATCO: The Organization for Donation and Transplant Professionals (invited plenary speaker at annual event, paid for travel and accommodation); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as Secretary, World Association of Medical Editors (not paid), Member, Evidentiary Committee, American Public Health Association (not paid), Member, US EPA Good Neighbor Environmental Board (not paid and assignment until 2025) and Member, US FDA Digital Health Advisory Committee (not paid and assignment until 2025), outside the submitted work. K. Krishan reports other financial or non-financial interests from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and RUSA 2.O grant awarded by the Ministry of Education to Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. C. Lau reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as Scientific Advisory Committee with the Immunisation Coalition (Australia), Steering Committee with the Australian Regional Immunisation Alliance and Editorial Board with the\n                      J\n                      ournal of Travel Medicine\n                      (all no payment), outside the submitted work. B. Lopes reports grants or contracts from the Academy of Medical Sciences and Applied Microbiology International (grants paid to the institution); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) 2026 and IIT Dhanbad GIAN programme (payments to B. Lopes as a presenter\/workshop facilitator); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Applied Microbiology International and the Microbiology Society (travel grants paid to B. Lopes); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as EDI co-chair with the Microbiology Society and as treasurer with ESCMID EFWISG (payment in terms of reasonable travel expenses); and stock or stock options (B. Lopes holds stocks and shares, but these are from part of B. Lopes\u2019s independent portfolio), outside the submitted work. G. Milani reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board (G. Milani participated in advisory boards supported by unrestricted grants from Angelini Pharma; payments were made to G. Milani; topics were management of fever and pain in children), outside the submitted work. L. Monasta reports support for the present paper from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34\/2017; payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo). J. Mosser reports support for the present work from the Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Providence Health & Services; and support for attending meetings\/travel from the Gates Foundation, outside the submitted work. F. Nainu reports grants or contracts from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Republic of Indonesia (the I-CORE Research Grant 2025, no. 05589\/UN4.1.7\/PT.01.03\/2025; grant administered through Hasanuddin University) and from Hasanuddin University, Indonesia (the 2026 Thematic Research Group Batch 1 Research Grant, no. 06061\/UN4.1\/KEP\/2026; grant administered through Hasanuddin University), outside the submitted work. A. Odone reports grants or contracts from Merck Sharp & Dohme (grant no. 100714); support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Pfizer (ESCMID global 2026), from AstraZeneca (ESCMID global 2025) and from Pfizer (ESCMID global 2024); and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Moderna (Expert Input Forum (EIF), November 2025), outside the submitted work. D. Pigott reports grants or contracts from the Gates Foundation (grant work related to data quality), outside the submitted work. I. Poudyal reports grants or contracts from the Gates Foundation (payments made to institution), outside the submitted work. H. Rocha reports support for attending meetings and\/or travel from Organon (travel expenses to attend ISPOR), outside the submitted work. L. Ronfani reports support for the present paper from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34\/2017; through the contribution given to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo). S. Saleem reports support for the present paper from the Health Services Academy, Islamabad, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the Health Services Academy, Islamabad, outside the submitted work. I. Soyiri reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as Trustee of the Citizens Advice Bureau for Hull & East Riding, United Kingdom (unpaid role), and as Committee Member with the Hull City Council\u2019s Health Inequalities Innovation Hub (unpaid role), outside the submitted work. B. Sartorius reports grants or contracts from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (GNT2034827) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Targeted Call for Research (TCR) grant (2039802), outside the submitted work. T. Srivastava reports support for the present paper from the Gates Foundation. C. Thornton reports grants or contracts from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, the New Frontiers Research Fund, Asthma Canada and Cystic Fibrosis Canada, outside the submitted work. R. Ullah reports support for the present paper from the Ongoing Research Support Project (ORF-2026-110) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (the above is R. Ullah\u2019s current university reward program for researchers for motivation purposes; no other financial interests exist here). A. Varma reports grants or contracts from the WHO; consulting fees from the WHO; and stock or stock options in Novo Nordisk, Demant and Vestas, outside the submitted work. P. Williams reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) and the Gates Foundation (not related to measles; antimicrobial resistance and child health); and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from WSPID 2025, outside the submitted work. Z. Yadita reports support for the present paper from the Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. S. Zargar reports support for the present paper from the ongoing Research Funding Program (project number ORF-2026-1685; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) (payments were partly made to S. Zargar). The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}