{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:36:21Z","timestamp":1793716581893,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01174-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1665417846000},"page":"1519-1527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Mendelian randomization analyses support causal relationships between brain imaging-derived phenotypes and risk of psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3662-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan-Shan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0976-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7364-2392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tie-Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1174_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","volume":"394","author":"F Charlson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charlson, F. et al. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 394, 240\u2013248 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1174_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Disease, G. B. D., Injury, I. & Prevalence, C. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1789\u20131858 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"1174_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4393","volume":"19","author":"KL Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, K. L. et al. Multimodal population brain imaging in the UK Biobank prospective epidemiological study. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1523\u20131536 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.01.028","volume":"248","author":"S Suffren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suffren, S., Chauret, M., Nassim, M., Lepore, F. & Maheu, F. S. On a continuum to anxiety disorders: adolescents at parental risk for anxiety show smaller rostral anterior cingulate cortex and insula thickness. J. Affect. Disord. 248, 34\u201341 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"1174_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.036","volume":"68","author":"LM Rimol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rimol, L. M. et al. Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 68, 41\u201350 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.7.1290","volume":"163","author":"AY Hardan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hardan, A. Y., Muddasani, S., Vemulapalli, M., Keshavan, M. S. & Minshew, N. J. An MRI study of increased cortical thickness in autism. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 1290\u20131292 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716000180","volume":"46","author":"A Saricicek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saricicek, A. et al. Abnormal white matter integrity as a structural endophenotype for bipolar disorder. Psychol. Med. 46, 1547\u20131558 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"1174_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00958.x","volume":"13","author":"LH Lu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lu, L. H., Zhou, X. J., Keedy, S. K., Reilly, J. L. & Sweeney, J. A. White matter microstructure in untreated first episode bipolar disorder with psychosis: comparison with schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord. 13, 604\u2013613 (2011).","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"1174_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.09.005","volume":"77","author":"JA King","year":"2015","unstructured":"King, J. A. et al. Global cortical thinning in acute anorexia nervosa normalizes following long-term weight restoration. Biol. Psychiatry 77, 624\u2013632 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07030506","volume":"165","author":"M Ballmaier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ballmaier, M. et al. Hippocampal morphology and distinguishing late-onset from early-onset elderly depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 229\u2013237 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/nn958","volume":"5","author":"MW Gilbertson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gilbertson, M. W. et al. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1242\u20131247 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.053","volume":"69","author":"LJ Seidman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seidman, L. J. et al. Gray matter alterations in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder identified by voxel based morphometry. Biol. Psychiatry 69, 857\u2013866 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.194","volume":"22","author":"DJ Greene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greene, D. J. et al. Brain structure in pediatric Tourette syndrome. Mol. Psychiatry 22, 972\u2013980 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170030","volume":"42","author":"OG Rus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rus, O. G. et al. Structural alterations in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a surface-based analysis of cortical volume, surface area and thickness. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 42, 395\u2013403 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","volume":"23","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davey Smith, G. & Hemani, G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23, R89\u2013R98 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00826-4","volume":"24","author":"SM Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. et al. An expanded set of genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes in UK Biobank. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 737\u2013745 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22856","volume":"36","author":"Z Iscan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iscan, Z. et al. Test\u2013retest reliability of freesurfer measurements within and between sites: effects of visual approval process. Hum. Brain Mapp. 36, 3472\u20133485 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1174_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22068","volume":"34","author":"AC Nugent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nugent, A. C. et al. Automated subcortical segmentation using FIRST: test\u2013retest reliability, interscanner reliability, and comparison to manual segmentation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 2313\u20132329 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1174_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","volume":"33","author":"B Fischl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischl, B. et al. Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 33, 341\u2013355 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1174_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024","volume":"31","author":"SM Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. et al. Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. NeuroImage 31, 1487\u20131505 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1174_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","volume":"34","author":"TE Behrens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behrens, T. E., Berg, H. J., Jbabdi, S., Rushworth, M. F. & Woolrich, M. W. Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: what can we gain. NeuroImage 34, 144\u2013155 (2007).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1174_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0439-2","volume":"51","author":"HJ Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson, H. J. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nat. Genet. 51, 1207\u20131214 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Davies, N. M. & Thompson, S. G. Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization. Genet. Epidemiol. 40, 597\u2013608 (2016).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu005","volume":"43","author":"S Burgess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burgess, S. Sample size and power calculations in Mendelian randomization with a single instrumental variable and a binary outcome. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 922\u2013929 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072","volume":"61","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Schneider, T., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. & Alexander, D. C. NODDI: practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain. NeuroImage 61, 1000\u20131016 (2012).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1174_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.05.011","volume":"4","author":"AL Alexander","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alexander, A. L., Lee, J. E., Lazar, M. & Field, A. S. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics 4, 316\u2013329 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"1174_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00119","volume":"11","author":"Y Bao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bao, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, W. & Wang, Y. The superior fronto-occipital fasciculus in the human brain revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging tractography: an anatomical reality or a methodological artifact. Front. Neuroanat. 11, 119 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"1174_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115159","volume":"66","author":"SB Floresco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Floresco, S. B. The nucleus accumbens: an interface between cognition, emotion, and action. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66, 25\u201352 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"1174_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","volume":"46","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartwig, F. P., Davey Smith, G. & Bowden, J. Robust inference in summary data Mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int. J. Epidemiol. 46, 1985\u20131998 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01131-7","volume":"11","author":"J Schoorl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schoorl, J. et al. Grey and white matter associations of psychotic-like experiences in a general population sample (UK Biobank). Transl. Psychiatry 11, 21 (2021).","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.02.017","volume":"78","author":"J Sui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sui, J. et al. In search of multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 78, 794\u2013804 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07101640","volume":"165","author":"JI Friedman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friedman, J. I. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging findings in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 1024\u20131032 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2021.111328","volume":"315","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. The integrity of the white matter in first-episode schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: an atlas-based DTI analysis. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 315, 111328 (2021).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1174_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.044","volume":"223","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Altered structural connectivity and cytokine levels in schizophrenia and genetic high-risk individuals: associations with disease states and vulnerability. Schizophr. Res. 223, 158\u2013165 (2020).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"1174_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.03.985","volume":"86","author":"SMC de Zwarte","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Zwarte, S. M. C. et al. The association between familial risk and brain abnormalities is disease specific: an ENIGMA-Relatives study of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 86, 545\u2013556 (2019).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2663","volume":"74","author":"SP Brugger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brugger, S. P. & Howes, O. D. Heterogeneity and homogeneity of regional brain structure in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 1104\u20131111 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00193-6","volume":"14","author":"AE Miles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miles, A. E., Kaplan, A. S., French, L. & Voineskos, A. N. White matter microstructure in women with acute and remitted anorexia nervosa: an exploratory neuroimaging study. Brain Imaging Behav. 14, 2429\u20132437 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"1174_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.07.007","volume":"52","author":"GK Frank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank, G. K., Shott, M. E., Hagman, J. O. & Yang, T. T. Localized brain volume and white matter integrity alterations in adolescent anorexia nervosa. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 52, 1066\u20131075 e1065 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.06.005","volume":"46","author":"H Frieling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frieling, H. et al. Microstructural abnormalities of the posterior thalamic radiation and the mediodorsal thalamic nuclei in females with anorexia nervosa\u2014a voxel based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 46, 1237\u20131242 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1174_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.04.002","volume":"11","author":"K Vogel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vogel, K. et al. White matter microstructural changes in adolescent anorexia nervosa including an exploratory longitudinal study. NeuroImage Clin. 11, 614\u2013621 (2016).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1174_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E77","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.210144","volume":"47","author":"K Ohi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ohi, K. et al. Differences in subcortical brain volumes among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 47, E77\u2013E85 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.7.734","volume":"62","author":"DP Dickstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dickstein, D. P. et al. Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder: results of a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 734\u2013741 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22283","volume":"35","author":"I Nenadic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nenadic, I., Yotter, R. A., Sauer, H. & Gaser, C. Cortical surface complexity in frontal and temporal areas varies across subgroups of schizophrenia. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35, 1691\u20131699 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1174_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.07.015","volume":"141","author":"AN Francis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Francis, A. N. et al. Alterations in brain structures underlying language function in young adults at high familial risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 141, 65\u201371 (2012).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"1174_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.09.005","volume":"56","author":"SJ Forkel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forkel, S. J. et al. The anatomy of fronto-occipital connections from early blunt dissections to contemporary tractography. Cortex 56, 73\u201384 (2014).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1174_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.170","volume":"23","author":"S Kelly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelly, S. et al. Widespread white matter microstructural differences in schizophrenia across 4322 individuals: results from the ENIGMA Schizophrenia DTI Working Group. Mol. Psychiatry 23, 1261\u20131269 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.1.154","volume":"161","author":"C Gaser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gaser, C., Nenadic, I., Buchsbaum, B. R., Hazlett, E. A. & Buchsbaum, M. S. Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia related to volume reduction of the thalamus, striatum, and superior temporal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 154\u2013156 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.12.009","volume":"110","author":"PQ Duy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duy, P. Q. et al. Brain ventricles as windows into brain development and disease. Neuron 110, 12\u201315 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1174_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","volume":"604","author":"V Trubetskoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trubetskoy, V. et al. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 604, 502\u2013508 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1174_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2811","volume":"11","author":"F Pulvermuller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pulvermuller, F. & Fadiga, L. Active perception: sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 351\u2013360 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15074","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.74","volume":"1","author":"J Treasure","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treasure, J. et al. Anorexia nervosa. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 1, 15074 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"1174_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6165-z","volume":"259","author":"K Onoda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Onoda, K., Ikeda, M., Sekine, H. & Ogawa, H. Clinical study of central taste disorders and discussion of the central gustatory pathway. J. Neurol. 259, 261\u2013266 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"1174_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31544-0","volume":"396","author":"RS McIntyre","year":"2020","unstructured":"McIntyre, R. S. et al. Bipolar disorders. Lancet 396, 1841\u20131856 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1174_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16070774","volume":"174","author":"A Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, A. et al. Common dimensional reward deficits across mood and psychotic disorders: a connectome-wide association study. Am. J. Psychiatry 174, 657\u2013666 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.04.015","volume":"104","author":"MS Ahn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahn, M. S. et al. Anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging of the basal ganglia in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Affect Disord. 104, 147\u2013154 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"1174_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.227","volume":"21","author":"DP Hibar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hibar, D. P. et al. Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 21, 1710\u20131716 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16022-0","volume":"11","author":"X Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen, X. et al. A phenome-wide association and Mendelian Rrandomisation study of polygenic risk for depression in UK Biobank. Nat. Commun. 11, 2301 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1174_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt084","volume":"178","author":"BL Pierce","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pierce, B. L. & Burgess, S. Efficient design for Mendelian randomization studies: subsample and 2-sample instrumental variable estimators. Am. J. Epidemiol. 178, 1177\u20131184 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","volume":"362","author":"NM Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies, N. M., Holmes, M. V. & Davey Smith, G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. Brit. Med. J. 362, k601 (2018).","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"1174_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034","volume":"166","author":"F Alfaro-Almagro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alfaro-Almagro, F. et al. Image processing and quality control for the first 10,000 brain imaging datasets from UK Biobank. NeuroImage 166, 400\u2013424 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1174_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","volume":"51","author":"D Demontis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demontis, D. et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 63\u201375 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.197","volume":"21","author":"T Otowa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otowa, T. et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of anxiety disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 21, 1391\u20131399 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","volume":"51","author":"J Grove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grove, J. et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 431\u2013444 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0397-8","volume":"51","author":"EA Stahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stahl, E. A. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 793\u2013803 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","volume":"50","author":"NR Wray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wray, N. R. et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat. Genet. 50, 668\u2013681 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Foundation Genetics Collaborative (IOCDF-GC) and OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Studies (OCGAS). Revealing the complex genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder using meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 23, 1181\u20131188 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154"},{"key":"1174_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0447-7","volume":"22","author":"J Gelernter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gelernter, J. et al. Genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder reexperiencing symptoms in >165,000 US veterans. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1394\u20131401 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18070857","volume":"176","author":"D Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu, D. et al. Interrogating the genetic determinants of Tourette\u2019s syndrome and other tic disorders through genome-wide association studies. Am. J. Psychiatry 176, 217\u2013227 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemani, G. et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife 7, e34408 (2018).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408"},{"key":"1174_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx028","volume":"45","author":"FP Hartwig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartwig, F. P., Davies, N. M., Hemani, G. & Davey Smith, G. Two-sample Mendelian randomization: avoiding the downsides of a powerful, widely applicable but potentially fallible technique. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45, 1717\u20131726 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.06.005","volume":"83","author":"AL Price","year":"2008","unstructured":"Price, A. L. et al. Long-range LD can confound genome scans in admixed populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 132\u2013135 (2008). author reply 135-139.","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-017-0128-6","volume":"4","author":"J Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng, J. et al. Recent developments in Mendelian randomization studies. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 4, 330\u2013345 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"1174_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00233-6","volume":"7","author":"P Kraft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kraft, P., Chen, H. & Lindstrom, S. The use of genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization studies to increase our understanding of relationships between complex traits. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 7, 104\u2013112 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"1174_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","volume":"47","author":"B Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulik-Sullivan, B. et al. An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat. Genet. 47, 1236\u20131241 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559\u2013575 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300477","volume":"102","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2012","unstructured":"McLaughlin, K. A., Costello, E. J., Leblanc, W., Sampson, N. A. & Kessler, R. C. Socioeconomic status and adolescent mental disorders. Am. J. Public Health 102, 1742\u20131750 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"1174_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00207-2","volume":"2","author":"C Hjorthoj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hjorthoj, C. et al. Association between alcohol and substance use disorders and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unipolar depression: a nationwide, prospective, register-based study. Lancet Psychiatry 2, 801\u2013808 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00152-2","volume":"2","author":"P Gurillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gurillo, P., Jauhar, S., Murray, R. M. & MacCabe, J. H. Does tobacco use cause psychosis? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2, 718\u2013725 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983","volume":"18","author":"KG Noble","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noble, K. G. et al. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 773\u2013778 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03244-9","volume":"21","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Lower regional grey matter in alcohol use disorders: evidence from a voxel-based meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 21, 247 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.12.004","volume":"50","author":"CE Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider, C. E. et al. Smoking status as a potential confounder in the study of brain structure in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 50, 84\u201391 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1174_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz469","volume":"35","author":"MA Kamat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kamat, M. A. et al. PhenoScanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics 35, 4851\u20134853 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1174_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1005","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1120","volume":"47","author":"A Buniello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buniello, A. et al. The NHGRI-EBI GWAS catalog of published genome-wide association studies, targeted arrays and summary statistics 2019. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D1005\u2013D1012 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1174_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","volume":"50","author":"JJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, J. J. et al. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat. Genet. 50, 1112\u20131121 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0530-8","volume":"51","author":"L Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, L. et al. A resource-efficient tool for mixed model association analysis of large-scale data. Nat. Genet. 51, 1749\u20131755 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0275-1","volume":"21","author":"RK Walters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walters, R. K. et al. Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1656\u20131669 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1174_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat. Genet. 42, 441\u2013447 (2010).","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.571"},{"key":"1174_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6522","volume":"34","author":"MF Greco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Greco, M. F., Minelli, C., Sheehan, N. A. & Thompson, J. R. Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome. Stat. Med. 34, 2926\u20132940 (2015).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"1174_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxq046","volume":"12","author":"G Rucker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rucker, G., Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J. R., Binder, H. & Schumacher, M. Treatment-effect estimates adjusted for small-study effects via a limit meta-analysis. Biostatistics 12, 122\u2013142 (2011).","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"1174_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy265","volume":"47","author":"J Bowden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowden, J. et al. Improving the visualization, interpretation and analysis of two-sample summary data Mendelian randomization via the radial plot and radial regression. Int. J. Epidemiol. 47, 2100 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","volume":"40","author":"S Burgess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Thompson, S. G. & CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 755\u2013764 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","volume":"37","author":"S Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgess, S., Butterworth, A. & Thompson, S. G. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet. Epidemiol. 37, 658\u2013665 (2013).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOS1866","volume":"48","author":"QY Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, Q. Y., Wang, J. S., Hemani, G., Bowden, J. & Small, D. S. Statistical inference in two-sample summary-data Mendelian randomization using robust adjusted profile score. Ann. Stat. 48, 1742\u20131769 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"1174_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G. & Burgess, S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int. J. Epidemiol. 44, 512\u2013525 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","volume":"40","author":"J Bowden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C. & Burgess, S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet. Epidemiol. 40, 304\u2013314 (2016).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1174_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731868","volume":"11","author":"A Wald","year":"1940","unstructured":"Wald, A. The fitting of straight lines if both variables are subject to error. Ann. Math. Stat. 11, 284\u2013300 (1940).","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"1174_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck, M., Chen, C. Y., Neale, B. & Do, R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat. Genet. 50, 693\u2013698 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1174_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000081","volume":"25","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2014","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J., Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., Cornelis, M. & Kraft, P. Methodological challenges in Mendelian randomization. Epidemiology 25, 427\u2013435 (2014).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"1174_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova, V. W. et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA 326, 1614\u20131621 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1174_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15555.1","volume":"4","author":"S Burgess","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burgess, S. et al. Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations. Wellcome Open Res 4, 186 (2019).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-022-01174-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-022-01174-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-022-01174-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T07:11:47Z","timestamp":1667545907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-022-01174-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-022-01174-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}