{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:08:13Z","timestamp":1794002893217,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 MH125358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 MH125358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH123486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH123486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jaswa Innovator Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Psychiatric disorders are multifactorial and effective treatments are lacking. Probable contributing factors to the challenges in therapeutic development include the complexity of the human brain and the high polygenicity of psychiatric disorders. Combining well-powered genome-wide and brain-wide genetics and transcriptomics analyses can deepen our understanding of the etiology of psychiatric disorders. Here, we leverage two landmark resources to infer the cell types involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders and informative comparison of brain phenotypes. We found both cortical and subcortical neuronal associations for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. These cell types included somatostatin interneurons, excitatory neurons from the retrosplenial cortex and eccentric medium spiny-like neurons from the amygdala. In contrast we found T cell and B cell associations with multiple sclerosis and microglial associations with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. We provide a framework for a cell-type-based classification system that can lead to drug repurposing or development opportunities and personalized treatments. This work formalizes a data-driven, cellular and molecular model of complex brain disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01834-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T05:05:28Z","timestamp":1737349528000},"page":"248-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Mapping the cellular etiology of schizophrenia and complex brain phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laramie E.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4553-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayden","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6259-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3441-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leili","family":"Mortazavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazal","family":"Senturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naghmeh","family":"Shahverdizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Vesuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3273-9777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Ballon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5618-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longzhi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon Scott","family":"Pruett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7669-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Knutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9440-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Deisseroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Giardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1834_CR1","unstructured":"2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2021); https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2021-nsduh-annual-national-report"},{"key":"1834_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22m14458","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.22m14458","volume":"83","author":"A Kadakia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kadakia, A. et al. The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States. J. Clin. Psychiatry 83, 22m14458 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.04.011","volume":"102","author":"R Tandon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tandon, R., Keshavan, M. S. & Nasrallah, H. A. Schizophrenia, \u201cjust the facts\u201d what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophr. Res. 102, 1\u201318 (2008).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"1834_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.08.017","volume":"83","author":"R Hilker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hilker, R. et al. Heritability of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum based on the nationwide Danish Twin Register. Biol. Psychiatry 83, 492\u2013498 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.2.162","volume":"56","author":"AG Cardno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cardno, A. G. et al. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56, 162\u2013168 (1999).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","volume":"604","author":"V Trubetskoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trubetskoy, V. et al. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 604, 502\u2013508 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1834_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl4896","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4896","volume":"376","author":"RC Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones, R. C. et al. The Tabula Sapiens: a multiple-organ, single-cell transcriptomic atlas of humans. Science 376, eabl4896 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1834_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.021","volume":"174","author":"A Zeisel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeisel, A. et al. Molecular architecture of the mouse nervous system. Cell 174, 999\u20131014 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1834_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.028","volume":"174","author":"A Saunders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders, A. et al. Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain. Cell 174, 1015\u20131030 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1834_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046","volume":"382","author":"K Siletti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siletti, K. et al. Transcriptomic diversity of cell types across the adult human brain. Science 382, eadd7046 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1834_CR11","first-page":"PJ03","volume":"11","author":"S Gejje","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gejje, S., Mishra, B. & Hongal, A. A. Microtia in all the siblings of a family: a rare case. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 11, PJ03\u2013PJ04 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"1834_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11181-1","volume":"10","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watanabe, K., Umi\u0107evi\u0107 Mirkov, M., de Leeuw, C. A., van den Heuvel, M. P. & Posthuma, D. Genetic mapping of cell type specificity for complex traits. Nat. Commun. 10, 3222 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1834_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0129-5","volume":"50","author":"NG Skene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skene, N. G. et al. Genetic identification of brain cell types underlying schizophrenia. Nat. Genet. 50, 825\u2013833 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0610-9","volume":"52","author":"J Bryois","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bryois, J. et al. Genetic identification of cell types underlying brain complex traits yields insights into the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Nat. Genet. 52, 482\u2013493 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004219","volume":"11","author":"CA de Leeuw","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Leeuw, C. A., Mooij, J. M., Heskes, T. & Posthuma, D. MAGMA: generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data. PLoS Comput. Biol. 11, e1004219 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1834_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05477-4","volume":"612","author":"GRB Saunders","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saunders, G. R. B. et al. Genetic diversity fuels gene discovery for tobacco and alcohol use. Nature 612, 720\u2013724 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1834_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08917-4","volume":"10","author":"HS Dashti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dashti, H. S. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic loci for self-reported habitual sleep duration supported by accelerometer-derived estimates. Nat. Commun. 10, 1100 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1834_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav7188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7188","volume":"365","author":"NA Patsopoulos","year":"2019","unstructured":"PatsopoulosN. A. et al. Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility. Science 365, eaav7188 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1834_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01024-z","volume":"54","author":"C Bellenguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bellenguez, C. et al. New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias. Nat. Genet. 54, 412\u2013436 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01167-z","volume":"54","author":"MJ Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, M. J. et al. Polygenic enrichment distinguishes disease associations of individual cells in single-cell RNA-seq data. Nat. Genet. 54, 1572\u20131580 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0081-4","volume":"50","author":"HK Finucane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Finucane, H. K. et al. Heritability enrichment of specifically expressed genes identifies disease-relevant tissues and cell types. Nat. Genet. 50, 621\u2013629 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.10.004","volume":"35","author":"DA Lewis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lewis, D. A., Curley, A. A., Glausier, J. & Volk, D. W. Cortical parvalbumin interneurons and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci. 35, 57\u201367 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"1834_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220676","volume":"180","author":"SJ Dienel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dienel, S. J., Fish, K. N. & Lewis, D. A. The nature of prefrontal cortical GABA neuron alterations in schizophrenia: markedly lower somatostatin and parvalbumin gene expression without missing neurons.Am. J. Psychiatry 180, 495\u2013507 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm1741","volume":"377","author":"R Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang, R. et al. Conservation and divergence of cortical cell organization in human and mouse revealed by MERFISH. Science 377, 56\u201362 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1834_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.021","volume":"184","author":"Z Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao, Z. et al. A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation. Cell 184, 3222\u20133241 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1834_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0654-5","volume":"563","author":"B Tasic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tasic, B. et al. Shared and distinct transcriptomic cell types across neocortical areas. Nature 563, 72\u201378 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1834_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301563","volume":"33","author":"DA Lewis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lewis, D. A. & Gonz\u00e1lez-Burgos, G. Neuroplasticity of neocortical circuits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 141\u2013165 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1834_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006773","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2022.1006773","volume":"14","author":"S Moberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moberg, S. & Takahashi, N. Neocortical layer 5 subclasses: from cellular properties to roles in behavior. Front. Synaptic Neurosci. 14, 1006773 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"1834_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2663","volume":"74","author":"SP Brugger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brugger, S. P. & Howes, O. D. Heterogeneity and homogeneity of regional brain structure in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 1104\u20131111 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.12.028","volume":"210","author":"NV Kraguljac","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kraguljac, N. V. et al. A longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study investigating effects of risperidone in the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 210, 239\u2013244 (2019).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"1834_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.016","volume":"81","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Distinct synaptic strengthening of the striatal direct and indirect pathways drives alcohol consumption. Biol. Psychiatry 81, 918\u2013929 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000125270.30501.08","volume":"28","author":"PK Thanos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thanos, P. K. et al. DRD2 gene transfer into the nucleus accumbens core of the alcohol preferring and nonpreferring rats attenuates alcohol drinking. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 28, 720\u2013728 (2004).","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"1834_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.059","volume":"29","author":"ME Bocarsly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bocarsly, M. E. et al. A mechanism linking two known vulnerability factors for alcohol abuse: heightened alcohol stimulation and low striatal dopamine D2 receptors. Cell Rep. 29, 1147\u20131163 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1834_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.161.10.1783","volume":"161","author":"A Heinz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heinz, A. et al. Correlation between dopamine D(2) receptors in the ventral striatum and central processing of alcohol cues and craving. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 1783\u20131789 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2024.100157","volume":"8","author":"D Pati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pati, D. et al. Dopamine D2 receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulate alcohol-related behaviors. Addiction Neurosci. 8, 100157 (2024).","journal-title":"Addiction Neurosci."},{"key":"1834_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.12.030","volume":"89","author":"KM McCullough","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCullough, K. M. et al. Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neuron subtypes differentially regulate stress-associated alterations in sleep architecture. Biol. Psychiatry 89, 1138\u20131149 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00760","volume":"11","author":"J van Langelaar","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Langelaar, J., Rijvers, L., Smolders, J. & van Luijn, M. M. B and T cells driving multiple sclerosis: identity, mechanisms and potential triggers. Front. Immunol. 11, 760 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1834_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a029025","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029025","volume":"8","author":"BJ Kaskow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaskow, B. J. & Baecher-Allan, C. Effector T cells in multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 8, a029025 (2018).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"1834_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabi4632","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi4632","volume":"14","author":"J Ochs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ochs, J. et al. Proinflammatory CD20+ T cells contribute to CNS-directed autoimmunity. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabi4632 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1834_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","volume":"217","author":"DV Hansen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hansen, D. V., Hanson, J. E. & Sheng, M. Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Cell Biol. 217, 459\u2013472 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1834_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","volume":"17","author":"F Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng, F. & Edison, P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat. Rev. Neurol. 17, 157\u2013172 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1834_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"S Ripke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ripke, S. et al. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 511, 421\u2013427 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1834_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0059-2","volume":"50","author":"AF Pardi\u00f1as","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pardi\u00f1as, A. F. et al. Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection. Nat. Genet. 50, 381\u2013389 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.940","volume":"43","author":"S Ripke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ripke, S. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat. Genet. 43, 969\u2013976 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17030283","volume":"175","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sullivan, P. F. et al. Psychiatric genomics: an update and an agenda. Am. J. Psychiatry 175, 15\u201327 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2731-9","volume":"586","author":"S Vesuna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vesuna, S. et al. Deep posteromedial cortical rhythm in dissociation. Nature 586, 87\u201394 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1834_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaap8757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8757","volume":"360","author":"V Anttila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anttila, V. et al. Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science 360, eaap8757 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1834_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7","volume":"22","author":"DM Howard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard, D. M. et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 343\u2013352 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1834_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00857-4","volume":"53","author":"N Mullins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mullins, N. et al. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology. Nat. Genet. 53, 817\u2013829 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0439-2","volume":"51","author":"HJ Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson, H. J. et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nat. Genet. 51, 1207\u20131214 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18040369","volume":"176","author":"S Sanchez-Roige","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanchez-Roige, S. et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in two population-based cohorts. Am. J. Psychiatry 176, 107\u2013118 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1834_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12576-w","volume":"10","author":"CM Nievergelt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nievergelt, C. M. et al. International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci. Nat. Commun. 10, 4558 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1834_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","volume":"51","author":"J Grove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grove, J. et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 431\u2013444 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0269-7","volume":"51","author":"D Demontis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demontis, D. et al. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Nat. Genet. 51, 63\u201375 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1834_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0603-0","volume":"23","author":"NYA Sey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sey, N. Y. A. et al. A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 583\u2013593 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1834_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11632","volume":"491","author":"DM Altshuler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altshuler, D. M. et al. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature 491, 56\u201365 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1834_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W199","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz401","volume":"47","author":"Y Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Wang, J., Jaehnig, E. J., Shi, Z. & Zhang, B. WebGestalt 2019: gene set analysis toolkit with revamped UIs and APIs. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, W199\u2013W205 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-024-01834-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-024-01834-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-024-01834-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T08:04:41Z","timestamp":1738829081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-024-01834-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01834-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.10.21.24315695","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"K.D. is a founder and scientific advisor for Maplight Therapeutics and Stellaromics, and a scientific advisor to RedTree LLC and Modulight.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}