{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:23:26Z","timestamp":1792466606386,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007625","name":"Cure Alzheimer's Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BEE consortium"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEE consortium"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG066444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG026276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG026276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG003991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG003991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG066444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG026276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG026276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01977-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:02:19Z","timestamp":1749445339000},"page":"1436-1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A route for cerebrospinal fluid flow through leptomeningeal arterial\u2013venous overlaps enables macromolecule and fluid shunting"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Plog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdeok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"Verhaege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5681-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krikor","family":"Dikranian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taitea","family":"Dykstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2885-1711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3443-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Schwetye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3714-517X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kipnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Drieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147ra111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003748","volume":"4","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff, J. J. et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 147ra111 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.040","volume":"184","author":"J Rustenhoven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rustenhoven, J. et al. Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184, 1000\u20131016 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1977_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14195-x","volume":"11","author":"G Ringstad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ringstad, G. & Eide, P. K. Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans. Nat. Commun. 11, 354 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","volume":"523","author":"A Louveau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Louveau, A. et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523, 337\u2013341 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1977_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0227-9","volume":"21","author":"A Louveau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louveau, A. et al. CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1380\u20131391 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1977_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01484-6","volume":"8","author":"Q Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Ineichen, B. V., Detmar, M. & Proulx, S. T. Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice. Nat. Commun. 8, 1434 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67677","volume":"123","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iliff, J. J. et al. Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 1299\u20131309 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1977_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3","volume":"9","author":"H Mestre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mestre, H. et al. Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension. Nat. Commun. 9, 4878 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1977_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1862-7","volume":"136","author":"NJ Albargothy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albargothy, N. J. et al. Convective influx\/glymphatic system: tracers injected into the CSF enter and leave the brain along separate periarterial basement membrane pathways. Acta Neuropathol. 136, 139\u2013152 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1977_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1555-z","volume":"131","author":"AWJ Morris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris, A. W. J. et al. Vascular basement membranes as pathways for the passage of fluid into and out of the brain. Acta Neuropathol. 131, 725\u2013736 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1977_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0273-8","volume":"36","author":"ENTP Bakker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bakker, E. N. T. P. et al. Lymphatic clearance of the brain: perivascular, paravascular and significance for neurodegenerative diseases. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 36, 181\u2013194 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1977_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05397-3","volume":"611","author":"A Drieu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drieu, A. et al. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 611, 585\u2013593 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1977_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.01.028","volume":"180","author":"C Kirst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirst, C. et al. Mapping the fine-scale organization and plasticity of the brain vasculature. Cell 180, 780\u2013795 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1977_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31257-9","volume":"13","author":"H Mestre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mestre, H. et al. Periarteriolar spaces modulate cerebrospinal fluid transport into brain and demonstrate altered morphology in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Commun. 13, 3897 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1977_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.06.009","volume":"54","author":"J DeSisto","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeSisto, J. et al. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of the developing meninges reveal meningeal fibroblast diversity and function. Dev. Cell 54, 43\u201359 (2020).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"1977_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac199","volume":"145","author":"D Sapkota","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sapkota, D. et al. Aqp4 stop codon readthrough facilitates amyloid-\u03b2 clearance from the brain. Brain 145, 2982\u20132990 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1977_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25739","volume":"554","author":"M Vanlandewijck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanlandewijck, M. et al. A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature. Nature 554, 475\u2013480 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav0492","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aav0492","volume":"4","author":"P Mastorakos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mastorakos, P. & McGavern, D. The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system. Sci. Immunol. 4, eaav0492 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"1977_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20941265","volume":"40","author":"A Kanoke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanoke, A. et al. The impact of native leptomeningeal collateralization on rapid blood flow recruitment following ischemic stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 40, 2165\u20132178 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"1977_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0792-1","volume":"17","author":"MI Todorov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Todorov, M. I. et al. Machine learning analysis of whole mouse brain vasculature. Nat. Methods 17, 442\u2013449 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1977_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0368-8","volume":"560","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Da Mesquita, S. et al. Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature 560, 185\u2013191 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1977_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.01.001","volume":"88","author":"P Giannoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giannoni, P. et al. Cerebrovascular pathology during the progression of experimental Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 88, 107\u2013117 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"1977_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06993-7","volume":"627","author":"LCD Smyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smyth, L. C. D. et al. Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain. Nature 627, 165\u2013173 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1977_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","volume":"604","author":"RAI Bethlehem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bethlehem, R. A. I. et al. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 604, 525\u2013533 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1977_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/72256","volume":"6","author":"GT Manley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Manley, G. T. et al. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat. Med. 6, 159\u2013163 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1977_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01327-2","volume":"26","author":"S Holstein-R\u00f8nsbo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holstein-R\u00f8nsbo, S. et al. Glymphatic influx and clearance are accelerated by neurovascular coupling. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 1042\u20131053 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1977_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27679","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27679","volume":"6","author":"AJ Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, A. J., Yao, X., Dix, J. A., Jin, B.-J. & Verkman, A. S. Test of the \u2018glymphatic\u2019 hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma. eLife 6, e27679 (2017).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1977_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc8810","volume":"379","author":"K M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd, K. et al. A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments. Science 379, 84\u201388 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1977_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1809-z","volume":"135","author":"RO Weller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weller, R. O., Sharp, M. M., Christodoulides, M., Carare, R. O. & M\u00f8llg\u00e5rd, K. The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS. Acta Neuropathol. 135, 363\u2013385 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"1977_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67885-y","volume":"14","author":"NG Smets","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smets, N. G., van der Panne, S. A., Strijkers, G. J. & Bakker, E. N. T. P. Perivascular spaces around arteries exceed perivenous spaces in the mouse brain. Sci. Rep. 14, 17655 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1977_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17737984","volume":"38","author":"B Bedussi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bedussi, B., Almasian, M., de Vos, J., VanBavel, E. & Bakker, E. N. Paravascular spaces at the brain surface: Low resistance pathways for cerebrospinal fluid flow. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 38, 719\u2013726 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"1977_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41580-4","volume":"14","author":"JA Mapunda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mapunda, J. A. et al. VE-cadherin in arachnoid and pia mater cells serves as a suitable landmark for in vivo imaging of CNS immune surveillance and inflammation. Nat. Commun. 14, 5837 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1977_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.09.002","volume":"111","author":"R Pietil\u00e4","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pietil\u00e4, R. et al. Molecular anatomy of adult mouse leptomeninges. Neuron 111, 3745\u20133764.e7 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02385-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000}}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-025-01977-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-025-01977-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-025-01977-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:39:54Z","timestamp":1783402794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-025-01977-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-025-01977-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-026-02385-y","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-026-02385-y","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}