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Here we introduce a three-dimensional ex vivo culture system, termed \u2018cerebroids,\u2019 derived from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of human fetal brain tissue, which preserves the key developmental processes, cellular diversity and structural integrity of the developing human cortex. Using this model, we show that IL-17A, a cytokine implicated in MIA and neurodevelopmental disorders, induces premature cortical folding, increases cortical thickness and accelerates neurogenesis and neuronal maturation. We reveal that IL-17A substantially dysregulates extracellular-matrix-related pathways, including upregulation of proteoglycans. In neural stem cells, IL-17A directly activates NF-\u03baB signaling, leading to sustained inflammatory responses that contribute to these developmental abnormalities, which are reversed by treatment with the NF-\u03baB pathway inhibitor parthenolide. These findings delineate how IL-17A perturbs human corticogenesis while elucidating the mechanisms underlying brain disruption during MIA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02400-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:03:36Z","timestamp":1786439016000},"page":"2456-2468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modeling maternal immune activation in 3D ex vivo human fetal brain cerebroids reveals IL-17A-driven disruption of cortical development"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8940-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Z. 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