{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:56:18Z","timestamp":1790945778113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2 MH129958-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2 MH129958-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAREER IOS-2145814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAREER IOS-2145814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009559","name":"Life Sciences Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Simons Foundation - SCGB - Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Simons Foundation - SCGB - Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02409-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:02:29Z","timestamp":1788426149000},"page":"2552-2565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structured experience shapes strategy learning and neural dynamics in the medial entorhinal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Bowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0054-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dua B.","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cambria M.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James G.","family":"Heys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011430","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011430","volume":"19","author":"NM Le","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le, N. M. et al. Mixtures of strategies underlie rodent behavior during reversal learning. PLoS Comput. Biol. 19, e1011430 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2409_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1078-6","volume":"24","author":"N Chomsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chomsky, N. The language capacity: architecture and evolution. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 24, 200\u2013203 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"2409_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90058-4","volume":"48","author":"JL Elman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Elman, J. L. Learning and development in neural networks: the importance of starting small. Cognition 48, 71\u201399 (1993).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2409_CR4","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., Mannelli, S. S. & Saxe, A. Why do animals need shaping? A theory of task composition and curriculum learning. In Proc. 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (eds Salakhutdinov, R. et al.) 26837\u201326855 (PMLR, 2024)."},{"key":"2409_CR5","unstructured":"Randl\u00f8v, J. & Alstr\u00f8m, P. Learning to drive a bicycle using reinforcement learning and shaping. In ICML \u02bc98: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ed. Shavlik, J. W.) 463\u2013471 (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998)."},{"key":"2409_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bengio, Y., Louradour, J., Collobert, R. & Weston, J. Curriculum learning. In ICML \u02bc09: Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Machine Learning 41\u201348 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1553374.1553380 (Association for Computing Machinery, 2009).","DOI":"10.1145\/1553374.1553380"},{"key":"2409_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.11.014","volume":"110","author":"KA Krueger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krueger, K. A. & Dayan, P. Flexible shaping: how learning in small steps helps. Cognition 110, 380\u2013394 (2009).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2409_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"S Narvekar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narvekar, S. et al. Curriculum learning for reinforcement learning domains: a framework and survey. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 21, 1\u201350 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"2409_CR9","unstructured":"Skinner, B. F. The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis (D. Appleton-Century Company, 1938)."},{"key":"2409_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50112-7","volume":"15","author":"CM Gagliardi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gagliardi, C. M. et al. Distinct neural mechanisms for heading retrieval and context recognition in the hippocampus during spatial reorientation. Nat. Commun. 15, 5968 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2409_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4368-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"CS Keene","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keene, C. S. et al. Complementary functional organization of neuronal activity patterns in the perirhinal, lateral entorhinal, and medial entorhinal cortices. J. Neurosci. 36, 3660\u20133675 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00084","volume":"7","author":"I Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, I. & Lee, C.-H. Contextual behavior and neural circuits. Front. Neural Circuits 7, 84 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"2409_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00816-6","volume":"24","author":"MH Plitt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Plitt, M. H. & Giocomo, L. M. Experience-dependent contextual codes in the hippocampus. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 705\u2013714 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3304","volume":"16","author":"G Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buzs\u00e1ki, G. & Moser, E. I. Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 130\u2013138 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.028","volume":"44","author":"H Eichenbaum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eichenbaum, H. Hippocampus. Neuron 44, 109\u2013120 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2409_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/273297a0","volume":"273","author":"M Mishkin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mishkin, M. Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature 273, 297\u2013298 (1978).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2409_CR17","first-page":"1935\u22121950","volume":"7","author":"RU Muller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Muller, R. U., Kubie, J. L. & Ranck, J. B. Spatial firing patterns of hippocampal complex-spike cells in a fixed environment. J. Neurosci. 7, 1935\u22121950 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90358-1","volume":"34","author":"J O\u2019Keefe","year":"1971","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, J. & Dostrovsky, J. The hippocampus as a spatial map. preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Res. 34, 171\u2013175 (1971).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2409_CR19","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Clarendon Press, 1978)."},{"key":"2409_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.20.1.11","volume":"20","author":"WB Scoville","year":"1957","unstructured":"Scoville, W. B. & Milner, B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 20, 11\u201321 (1957).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2409_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1896849","volume":"253","author":"LR Squire","year":"1991","unstructured":"Squire, L. R. & Zola-Morgan, S. The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science 253, 1380\u20131386 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2409_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8036517","volume":"265","author":"MA Wilson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson, M. A. & McNaughton, B. L. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Science 265, 676\u2013679 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2409_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/17605","volume":"397","author":"ER Wood","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wood, E. R., Dudchenko, P. A. & Eichenbaum, H. The global record of memory in hippocampal neuronal activity. Nature 397, 613\u2013616 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2409_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01683-7","volume":"27","author":"ER Bigus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bigus, E. R., Lee, H.-W., Bowler, J. C., Shi, J. & Heys, J. G. Medial entorhinal cortex mediates learning of context-dependent interval timing behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1587\u20131598 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00752-9","volume":"40","author":"J Ferbinteanu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferbinteanu, J. & Shapiro, M. L. Prospective and retrospective memory coding in the hippocampus. Neuron 40, 1227\u20131239 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2409_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217230","volume":"336","author":"SP Jadhav","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jadhav, S. P., Kemere, C., German, P. W. & Frank, L. M. Awake hippocampal sharp-wave ripples support spatial memory. Science 336, 1454\u20131458 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2409_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3909","volume":"18","author":"AM Wikenheiser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wikenheiser, A. M. & Redish, A. D. Hippocampal theta sequences reflect current goals. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 289\u2013294 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00071-4","volume":"27","author":"ER Wood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wood, E. R., Dudchenko, P. A., Robitsek, R. & Eichenbaum, H. Hippocampal neurons encode information about different types of memory episodes occurring in the same location. Neuron 27, 623\u2013633 (2000).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2409_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3696","volume":"17","author":"C Buetfering","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buetfering, C., Allen, K. & Monyer, H. Parvalbumin interneurons provide grid cell-driven recurrent inhibition in the medial entorhinal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 710\u2013718 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00225-6","volume":"99","author":"A Dhillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dhillon, A. & Jones, R. Laminar differences in recurrent excitatory transmission in the rat entorhinal cortex in vitro. Neuroscience 99, 413\u2013422 (2000).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2409_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.20.1.1","volume":"20","author":"A Kumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Schrader, S., Aertsen, A. & Rotter, S. The high-conductance state of cortical networks. Neural Comput. 20, 1\u201343 (2008).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"2409_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06104-5","volume":"9","author":"I Zutshi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zutshi, I. et al. Recurrent circuits within medial entorhinal cortex superficial layers support grid cell firing. Nat. Commun. 9, 3701 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2409_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03721","volume":"436","author":"T Hafting","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M. & Moser, E. I. Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature 436, 801\u2013806 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2409_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav4837","volume":"363","author":"CN Boccara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boccara, C. N., Nardin, M., Stella, F., O\u2019Neill, J. & Csicsvari, J. The entorhinal cognitive map is attracted to goals. Science 363, 1443\u20131447 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2409_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav5297","volume":"363","author":"WN Butler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butler, W. N., Hardcastle, K. & Giocomo, L. M. Remembered reward locations restructure entorhinal spatial maps. Science 363, 1447\u20131452 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2409_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05601","volume":"446","author":"M Fyhn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Treves, A., Moser, M.-B. & Moser, E. I. Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex. Nature 446, 190\u2013194 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2409_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0252-8","volume":"21","author":"JG Heys","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heys, J. G. & Dombeck, D. A. Evidence for a subcircuit in medial entorhinal cortex representing elapsed time during immobility. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1574\u20131582 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108163","volume":"32","author":"JG Heys","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heys, J. G., Wu, Z., Mascaro, A. L. A. & Dombeck, D. A. Inactivation of the medial entorhinal cortex selectively disrupts learning of interval timing. Cell Rep. 32, 108163 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2409_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.08.036","volume":"87","author":"T Kitamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kitamura, T. et al. Entorhinal cortical ocean cells encode specific contexts and drive context-specific fear memory. Neuron 87, 1317\u20131331 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2409_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-101419-011117","volume":"43","author":"JB Issa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Issa, J. B., Tocker, G., Hasselmo, M. E., Heys, J. G. & Dombeck, D. A. Navigating through time: a spatial navigation perspective on how the brain may encode time. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 43, 73\u201393 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3450","volume":"16","author":"K Yoon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoon, K. et al. Specific evidence of low-dimensional continuous attractor dynamics in grid cells. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1077\u20131084 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01029-3","volume":"7","author":"D Hocker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hocker, D., Constantinople, C. M. & Savin, C. Compositional pretraining improves computational efficiency and matches animal behaviour on complex tasks. Nat. Mach. Intell. 7, 689\u2013702 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2409_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ito, T. et al. Compositional generalization through abstract representations in human and artificial neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (eds Oh, A. H. et al.) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52202\/068431-2335 (Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation, Inc., 2022).","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-2335"},{"key":"2409_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49847-y","volume":"13","author":"D Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin, D., Huang, A. Z. & Richards, B. A. Temporal encoding in deep reinforcement learning agents. Sci. Rep. 13, 22335 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2409_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01592-y","volume":"7","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Seay, M., Taxidis, J., Golshani, P. & Buonomano, D. V. Multiplexing working memory and time in the trajectories of neural networks. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 1170\u20131184 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"2409_CR46","unstructured":"Duncker, L., Driscoll, L., Shenoy, K. V., Sahani, M. & Sussillo, D. Organizing recurrent network dynamics by task-computation to enable continual learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (eds Larochelle, H. et al.) 14387\u221214397 https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2020\/file\/a576eafbce762079f7d1f77fca1c5cc2-Paper.pdf (Curran Associates, 2020)."},{"key":"2409_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0310-2","volume":"22","author":"GR Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, G. R., Joglekar, M. R., Song, H. F., Newsome, W. T. & Wang, X.-J. Task representations in neural networks trained to perform many cognitive tasks. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 297\u2013306 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01668-6","volume":"27","author":"LN Driscoll","year":"2024","unstructured":"Driscoll, L. N., Shenoy, K. & Sussillo, D. Flexible multitask computation in recurrent networks utilizes shared dynamical motifs. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1349\u20131363 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00e1rton, C. D., Gagnon, L., Lajoie, G. & Rajan, K. Efficient and robust multi-task learning in the brain with modular latent primitives. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2105.14108 (2022).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2105.14108"},{"key":"2409_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12742","volume":"503","author":"V Mante","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mante, V., Sussillo, D., Shenoy, K. V. & Newsome, W. T. Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex. Nature 503, 78\u201384 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2409_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953\u2013966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.004","volume":"97","author":"AA Russo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Russo, A. A. et al. Motor cortex embeds muscle-like commands in an untangled population response. Neuron 97, 953\u2013966 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2409_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739\u2013753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.016","volume":"111","author":"M Beiran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beiran, M., Meirhaeghe, N., Sohn, H., Jazayeri, M. & Ostojic, S. Parametric control of flexible timing through low-dimensional neural manifolds. Neuron 111, 739\u2013753 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2409_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954\u2013967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031","volume":"183","author":"S Bernardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernardi, S. et al. The geometry of abstraction in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Cell 183, 954\u2013967 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2409_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50503-w","volume":"15","author":"V Fascianelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fascianelli, V. et al. Neural representational geometries reflect behavioral differences in monkeys and recurrent neural networks. Nat. Commun. 15, 6479 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2409_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008128","volume":"16","author":"E Pollock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pollock, E. & Jazayeri, M. Engineering recurrent neural networks from task-relevant manifolds and dynamics. PLoS Comput. Biol. 16, e1008128 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2409_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Gao, K., Yang, D., Song, S., & Chen, G. Bridging scales: spectral theory reveals how local connectivity rules sculpt global neural dynamics in spatially extended networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (eds Belgrave, D. et al.) 66008\u201366045 (Curran Associates, Inc., 2025).","DOI":"10.52202\/085713-2217"},{"key":"2409_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00409","volume":"25","author":"D Sussillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sussillo, D. & Barak, O. Opening the black box: low-dimensional dynamics in high-dimensional recurrent neural networks. Neural Comput. 25, 626\u2013649 (2013).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"2409_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01003","volume":"3","author":"M Golub","year":"2018","unstructured":"Golub, M. & Sussillo, D. FixedPointFinder: a TensorFlow toolbox for identifying and characterizing fixed points in recurrent neural networks. J. Open Source Softw. 3, 1003 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"2409_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, E. & Barak, O. The simplicity bias in multi-task RNNs: shared attractors, reuse of dynamics, and geometric representation. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (eds Oh, A. et al.) 25495\u221225507 https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2023\/file\/50d6dbc809b0dc96f7f1090810537acc-Paper-Conference.pdf (Curran Associates, 2023).","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1109"},{"key":"2409_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf4588","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4588","volume":"372","author":"NA Steinmetz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinmetz, N. A. et al. Neuropixels 2.0: a miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings. Science 372, eabf4588 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2409_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Melin, M. D. et al. Large scale, simultaneous, chronic neural recordings from multiple brain areas. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.12.22.572441 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.22.572441"},{"key":"2409_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114","volume":"114","author":"J Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick, J. et al. Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 3521\u20133526 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2409_CR63","unstructured":"Abadi, Mart\u00edn, et al. TensorFlow: a system for large-scale machine learning. In Proc. 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI \u201916) 265\u2013283 (USENIX Association, 2016)."},{"key":"2409_CR64","unstructured":"Kingma, D. P. & Ba, J. ADAM: a method for stochastic optimization. In Proc. 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (eds Bengio, Y. & LeCun, L.) (ICLR, 2015)."},{"key":"2409_CR65","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12, 2825\u20132830 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"2409_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2649-2","volume":"585","author":"CR Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris, C. R. et al. Array programming with NumPy. Nature 585, 357\u2013362 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2409_CR67","unstructured":"Bradbury, J. et al. JAX: composable transformations of Python+NumPy programs. GitHub http:\/\/github.com\/jax-ml\/jax (2018)."},{"key":"2409_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02232-7","volume":"21","author":"M Pachitariu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pachitariu, M., Sridhar, S., Pennington, J. & Stringer, C. Spike sorting with Kilosort4. Nat. Methods 21, 914\u2013921 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2409_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61834","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61834","volume":"9","author":"AP Buccino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buccino, A. P. et al. SpikeInterface, a unified framework for spike sorting. eLife 9, e61834 (2020).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2409_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0229-23.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0229-23.2023","volume":"11","author":"S Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia, S. et al. A modular implementation to handle and benchmark drift correction for high-density extracellular recordings. eNeuro 11, ENEURO.0229-23.2023 (2024).","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2409_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8699","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0971-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"DN Hill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hill, D. N., Mehta, S. B. & Kleinfeld, D. Quality metrics to accompany spike sorting of extracellular signals. J. Neurosci. 31, 8699\u20138705 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2409_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bowler, J., Azhar, D., Jensen, C., Lee, H.-W. & Heys, J. Analysis and source files for \u2018Structured experience shapes strategy learning and neural dynamics in the medial entorhinal cortex\u2019. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.20855879 (2026).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.20855879"}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02409-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02409-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02409-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:29:21Z","timestamp":1790944161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02409-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-026-02409-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6658028\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}