{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:56:20Z","timestamp":1790945780826,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02410-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T09:03:09Z","timestamp":1786957389000},"page":"2588-2598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reusable modular architecture enables flexible cognitive operations in the mouse brain and artificial recurrent networks"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7214-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuma","family":"Osako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greggory R.","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7845-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"\u00c4hrlund-Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1298-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Buschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mriganka","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088545","volume":"302","author":"E Koechlin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koechlin, E., Ody, C. & Kouneiher, F. The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Science 302, 1181\u20131185 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.12.2082","volume":"19","author":"D Badre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Badre, D. & D\u2019Esposito, M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 2082\u20132099 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.005","volume":"22","author":"D Badre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badre, D. & Nee, D. E. Frontal cortex and the hierarchical control of behavior. Trends Cogn. Sci. 22, 170\u2013188 (2018).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2410_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01668-6","volume":"27","author":"LN Driscoll","year":"2024","unstructured":"Driscoll, L. N., Shenoy, K. & Sussillo, D. Flexible multitask computation in recurrent networks utilizes shared dynamical motifs. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1349\u20131363 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0310-2","volume":"22","author":"GR Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, G. R., Joglekar, M. R., Song, H. F., Newsome, W. T. & Wang, X.-J. Task representations in neural networks trained to perform many cognitive tasks. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 297\u2013306 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2024.101384","volume":"57","author":"MW Cole","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cole, M. W. Cognitive flexibility as the shifting of brain network flows by flexible neural representations. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 57, 101384 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"2410_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1086\/701037","volume":"86","author":"ML Stanley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stanley, M. L., Gessell, B. & De Brigard, F. Network Modularity as a Foundation for Neural Reuse. Philos. Sci. 86, 23\u201346 (2019).","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"2410_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm9922","volume":"376","author":"Z Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. The geometry of domain-general performance monitoring in the human medial frontal cortex. Science 376, eabm9922 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3313","volume":"368","author":"J Minxha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minxha, J., Adolphs, R., Fusi, S., Mamelak, A. N. & Rutishauser, U. Flexible recruitment of memory-based choice representations by the human medial frontal cortex. Science 368, eaba3313 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.043","volume":"181","author":"FR Willett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Willett, F. R. et al. Hand knob area of premotor cortex represents the whole body in a compositional way. Cell 181, 396\u2013409 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2410_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07799-x","volume":"632","author":"HS Courellis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Courellis, H. S. et al. Abstract representations emerge in human hippocampal neurons during inference. Nature 632, 841\u2013849 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03390-w","volume":"592","author":"MF Panichello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panichello, M. F. & Buschman, T. J. Shared mechanisms underlie the control of working memory and attention. Nature 592, 601\u2013605 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031","volume":"183","author":"S Bernardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernardi, S. et al. The geometry of abstraction in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Cell 183, 954\u2013967 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2410_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09805-2","volume":"650","author":"S Tafazoli","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tafazoli, S. et al. Building compositional tasks with shared neural subspaces. Nature 650, 164\u2013172 (2026).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.041","volume":"187","author":"CI Jahn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jahn, C. I. et al. Learning attentional templates for value-based decision-making. Cell 187, 1476\u20131489 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2410_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.021","volume":"112","author":"LM Boyle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boyle, L. M., Posani, L., Irfan, S., Siegelbaum, S. A. & Fusi, S. Tuned geometries of hippocampal representations meet the computational demands of social memory. Neuron 112, 1358\u20131371 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2410_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01237-9","volume":"26","author":"R Nogueira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nogueira, R., Rodgers, C. C., Bruno, R. M. & Fusi, S. The geometry of cortical representations of touch in rodents. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 239\u2013250 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/20939","volume":"399","author":"R Romo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Romo, R., Brody, C. D., Hern\u00e1ndez, A. & Lemus, L. Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Nature 399, 470\u2013473 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104171","volume":"307","author":"CK Machens","year":"2005","unstructured":"Machens, C. K., Romo, R. & Brody, C. D. Flexible control of mutual inhibition: a neural model of two-interval discrimination. Science 307, 1121\u20131124 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256573","volume":"346","author":"D Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, D. et al. Medial prefrontal activity during delay period contributes to learning of a working memory task. Science 346, 458\u2013463 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307991120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2307991120","volume":"120","author":"JP Stroud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stroud, J. P., Watanabe, K., Suzuki, T., Stokes, M. G. & Lengyel, M. Optimal information loading into working memory explains dynamic coding in the prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2307991120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2410_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3865","volume":"17","author":"D Raposo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raposo, D., Kaufman, M. T. & Churchland, A. K. A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1784\u20131792 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129","volume":"487","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Churchland, M. M. et al. Neural population dynamics during reaching. Nature 487, 51\u201356 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1816-9","volume":"576","author":"J Hirokawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirokawa, J., Vaughan, A., Masset, P., Ott, T. & Kepecs, A. Frontal cortex neuron types categorically encode single decision variables. Nature 576, 446\u2013451 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01171-w","volume":"25","author":"W Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, W., Tipparaju, S. L., Chen, G. & Li, N. Thalamus-driven functional populations in frontal cortex support decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1339\u20131352 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.034","volume":"106","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, Z. et al. Context-dependent decision making in a premotor circuit. Neuron 106, 316\u2013328 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2410_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64457","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64457","volume":"10","author":"L Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu, L. et al. The causal role of auditory cortex in auditory working memory. Elife 10, e64457 (2021).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2410_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1728-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"TF Marton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marton, T. F., Seifikar, H., Luongo, F. J., Lee, A. T. & Sohal, V. S. Roles of prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamus in task engagement and behavioral flexibility. J. Neurosci. 38, 2569\u20132578 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42777-3","volume":"14","author":"M Wilhelm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilhelm, M. et al. Striatum-projecting prefrontal cortex neurons support working memory maintenance. Nat. Commun. 14, 7016 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2410_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00597-X","volume":"40","author":"EH Baeg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baeg, E. H. et al. Dynamics of population code for working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Neuron 40, 177\u2013188 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2410_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636","volume":"551","author":"JJ Jun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jun, J. J. et al. Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity. Nature 551, 232\u2013236 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90248.2008","volume":"100","author":"EM Meyers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meyers, E. M., Freedman, D. J., Kreiman, G., Miller, E. K. & Poggio, T. Dynamic population coding of category information in inferior temporal and prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 100, 1407\u20131419 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2410_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.039","volume":"78","author":"MG Stokes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stokes, M. G. et al. Dynamic coding for cognitive control in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 78, 364\u2013375 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2410_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00821-9","volume":"24","author":"A Libby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Libby, A. & Buschman, T. J. Rotational dynamics reduce interference between sensory and memory representations. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 715\u2013726 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12742","volume":"503","author":"V Mante","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mante, V., Sussillo, D., Shenoy, K. V. & Newsome, W. T. Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex. Nature 503, 78\u201384 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR36","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"L Maaten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maaten, L. & Hinton, G. E. Visualizing data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 2579\u20132605 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"2410_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.03.099","volume":"31","author":"Y Osako","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osako, Y. et al. Contribution of non-sensory neurons in visual cortical areas to visually guided decisions in the rat. Curr. Biol. 31, 2757\u20132769 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2410_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50503-w","volume":"15","author":"V Fascianelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fascianelli, V. et al. Neural representational geometries reflect behavioral differences in monkeys and recurrent neural networks. Nat. Commun. 15, 6479 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2410_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07425-w","volume":"629","author":"A Bellafard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bellafard, A., Namvar, G., Kao, J. C., Vaziri, A. & Golshani, P. Volatile working memory representations crystallize with practice. Nature 629, 1109\u20131117 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08897","volume":"464","author":"T Komiyama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Komiyama, T. et al. Learning-related fine-scale specificity imaged in motor cortex circuits of behaving mice. Nature 464, 1182\u20131186 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Posani, L., Wang, S., Muscinelli, S. P., Paninski, L. & Fusi, S. Rarely categorical, highly separable representations along the cortical hierarchy. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10668-4 (2026).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10668-4"},{"key":"2410_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01088-4","volume":"25","author":"A Dubreuil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubreuil, A., Valente, A., Beiran, M., Mastrogiuseppe, F. & Ostojic, S. The role of population structure in computations through neural dynamics. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 783\u2013794 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63163","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63163","volume":"10","author":"P Zatka-Haas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zatka-Haas, P., Steinmetz, N. A., Carandini, M. & Harris, K. D. Sensory coding and the causal impact of mouse cortex in a visual decision. Elife 10, e63163 (2021).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2410_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.020","volume":"81","author":"ZV Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, Z. V. et al. Flow of cortical activity underlying a tactile decision in mice. Neuron 81, 179\u2013194 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2410_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05012-y","volume":"9","author":"GN Pho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pho, G. N., Goard, M. J., Woodson, J., Crawford, B. & Sur, M. Task-dependent representations of stimulus and choice in mouse parietal cortex. Nat. Commun. 9, 2596 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2410_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07915-x","volume":"634","author":"A Vinograd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vinograd, A., Nair, A., Kim, J. H., Linderman, S. W. & Anderson, D. J. Causal evidence of a line attractor encoding an affective state. Nature 634, 910\u2013918 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.063","volume":"22","author":"A Forli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forli, A. et al. Two-photon bidirectional control and imaging of neuronal excitability with high spatial resolution in vivo. Cell Rep. 22, 3087\u20133098 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2410_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.045","volume":"178","author":"L Carrillo-Reid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carrillo-Reid, L., Han, S., Yang, W., Akrouh, A. & Yuste, R. Controlling visually guided behavior by holographic recalling of cortical ensembles. Cell 178, 447\u2013457 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2410_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00776-3","volume":"24","author":"K Daie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daie, K., Svoboda, K. & Druckmann, S. Targeted photostimulation uncovers circuit motifs supporting short-term memory. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 259\u2013265 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw5202","volume":"365","author":"JH Marshel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marshel, J. H. et al. Cortical layer-specific critical dynamics triggering perception. Science 365, eaaw5202 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.03.006","volume":"44","author":"PG Anastasiades","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anastasiades, P. G. & Carter, A. G. Circuit organization of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Neurosci. 44, 550\u2013563 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02232-7","volume":"21","author":"M Pachitariu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pachitariu, M., Sridhar, S., Pennington, J. & Stringer, C. Spike sorting with Kilosort4. Nat. Methods 21, 914\u2013921 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2410_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25510","volume":"554","author":"A Akrami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akrami, A., Kopec, C. D., Diamond, M. E. & Brody, C. D. Posterior parietal cortex represents sensory history and mediates its effects on behaviour. Nature 554, 368\u2013372 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12160","volume":"497","author":"M Rigotti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rigotti, M. et al. The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks. Nature 497, 585\u2013590 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav3932","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav3932","volume":"364","author":"WE Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen, W. E. et al. Thirst regulates motivated behavior through modulation of brainwide neural population dynamics. Science 364, eaav3932 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2410_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17643","volume":"532","author":"N Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, N., Daie, K., Svoboda, K. & Druckmann, S. Robust neuronal dynamics in premotor cortex during motor planning. Nature 532, 459\u2013464 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1261-9","volume":"570","author":"B Engelhard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engelhard, B. et al. Specialized coding of sensory, motor and cognitive variables in VTA dopamine neurons. Nature 570, 509\u2013513 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2410_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.009","volume":"90","author":"K Rajan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajan, K., Harvey, C. D. & Tank, D. W. Recurrent network models of sequence generation and memory. Neuron 90, 128\u2013142 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2410_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00840-6","volume":"24","author":"A Finkelstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Finkelstein, A. et al. Attractor dynamics gate cortical information flow during decision-making. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 843\u2013850 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2410_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58337","volume":"78","author":"PJ Werbos","year":"1990","unstructured":"Werbos, P. J. Backpropagation through time: what it does and how to do it. Proc. IEEE Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng. 78, 1550\u20131560 (1990).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"2410_CR61","unstructured":"Kingma, D. P. & Ba, J. Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1412.6980 (2014)."}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02410-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02410-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02410-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:28:56Z","timestamp":1790944136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02410-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-026-02410-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7420993\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}