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Here we show that gastrointestinal challenges (intracellular or extracellular bacteria and parasites) reshape the nature of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in the dura mater, the outer meningeal layer, changing the dominant polarization states to T helper (T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) 1, T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    17 and T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2 cells, respectively, with differing cytokine profiles. This occurs via CXCR6\u2013CXCL16-dependent migration of gut-activated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells to the central nervous system, where they establish long-lived memory populations around the dural venous sinuses, within dural lymphoid aggregates and in the brain. Functionally, these orally primed dural CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T were capable of rapid, antigen-specific recall responses, proliferating and producing cytokines upon intravenous rechallenge. Our findings reveal a direct link between intestinal and dural immunity, enabling the central nervous system borders to acquire immunological memory of gut microorganisms, a major source of bloodborne pathogens capable of reaching the brain via fenestrated dural vasculature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02428-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:02:23Z","timestamp":1788858143000},"page":"2741-2752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intestinal infections establish antigen-specific, long-lived memory CD4+ T cells in the brain and meninges"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Fleming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Neish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6484-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Di Marco-Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Posner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin Y. 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