{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:12:16Z","timestamp":1790266336234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35HG010719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35HG010719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21GM129559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21GM129559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI143394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI143394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA046831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA046831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KK0189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KK0189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007247","name":"Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI143394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI143394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC011819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC011819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC014470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC014470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00403-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T11:06:00Z","timestamp":1603710360000},"page":"3777-3787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Genetically modified mouse models to help fight COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8022-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Channabasavaiah B.","family":"Gurumurthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolen M.","family":"Quadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy P.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7339-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa Y.","family":"Poluektova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6952-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Ohtsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015","volume":"368","author":"J Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, J. et al. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS\u2013coronavirus 2. Science 368, 1016\u20131020 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7314","volume":"368","author":"B Rockx","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rockx, B. et al. Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model. Science 368, 1012\u20131015 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2342-5","volume":"583","author":"SF Sia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sia, S. F. et al. Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters. Nature 583, 834\u2013838 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"403_CR4","first-page":"450","volume":"57","author":"X-H Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang, X.-H. et al. Mice transgenic for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 provide a model for SARS coronavirus infection. Comp. Med. 57, 450\u2013459 (2007).","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-06","volume":"81","author":"PB McCray","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCray, P. B. et al. Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol. 81, 813\u2013821 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01702-06","volume":"81","author":"C-TK Tseng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tseng, C.-T. K. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of mice transgenic for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 virus receptor. J. Virol. 81, 1162\u20131173 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517719113","volume":"113","author":"VD Menachery","year":"2016","unstructured":"Menachery, V. D. et al. SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 3048\u20133053 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"403_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2312-y","volume":"583","author":"L Bao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bao, L. et al. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice. Nature 583, 830\u2013833 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.027","volume":"182","author":"R-D Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, R.-D. et al. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Cell 182, 50\u201358.e8 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1764871","volume":"9","author":"L Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan, L., Tang, Q., Cheng, T. & Xia, N. Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 9, 949\u2013961 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00252-z","volume":"35","author":"A Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, A. et al. A comprehensive review of animal models for coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. Virol. Sin. 35, 290\u2013304 (2020).","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"403_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinnon, K. H. et al. A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model for the evaluation of COVID-19 medical countermeasures. Preprint at http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.05.06.081497 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.06.081497"},{"key":"403_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0778-2","volume":"21","author":"ES Winkler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winkler, E. S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function. Nat. Immunol. 21, 1327\u20131335 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"403_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104833","volume":"157","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhou, W., Yang, L. & You, R. Physiological and pathological regulation of ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Pharmacol. Res. 157, 104833 (2020).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030005","volume":"3","author":"A Roberts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roberts, A. et al. A mouse-adapted SARS-coronavirus causes disease and mortality in BALB\/c mice. PLoS Pathog. 3, e5 (2007).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4730","volume":"369","author":"H Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu, H. et al. Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB\/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy. Science 369, 1603\u20131607 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"403_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.010","volume":"182","author":"J Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, J. et al. Generation of a broadly useful model for COVID-19 pathogenesis, vaccination, and treatment. Cell 182, 734\u2013743.e5 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.011","volume":"182","author":"AO Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan, A. O. et al. A SARS-CoV-2 infection model in mice demonstrates protection by neutralizing antibodies. Cell 182, 744\u2013753.e4 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathnasinghe, R. et al. Comparison of transgenic and adenovirus hACE2 mouse models for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preprint at https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.07.06.190066v1 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.06.190066"},{"key":"403_CR20","unstructured":"Couzin-Frankel, J. From \u2018brain fog\u2019 to heart damage, COVID-19\u2019s lingering problems alarm scientists. Science https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/07\/brain-fog-heart-damage-covid-19-s-lingering-problems-alarm-scientists (2020)."},{"key":"403_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindner, D. et al. Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol. e203551 (2020).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3551"},{"key":"403_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2011335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.11335","volume":"3","author":"S Parasa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parasa, S. et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal viral shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e2011335 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"403_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25807","volume":"88","author":"IJ Koralnik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koralnik, I. J. & Tyler, K. L. COVID \u201019: a global threat to the nervous system. Ann. Neurol. 88, 1\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"403_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9610","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20209610","volume":"16","author":"F Hikmet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hikmet, F. et al. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol. Syst. Biol. 16, e9610 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"403_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.020","volume":"28","author":"S-H Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, S.-H. et al. A mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 28, 124\u2013133.e4 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"403_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.46","volume":"23","author":"B Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen, B. et al. Generation of gene-modified mice via Cas9\/RNA-mediated gene targeting. Cell Res. 23, 720\u2013723 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"403_CR27","first-page":"15.7.1","volume":"83","author":"DW Harms","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harms, D. W. et al. Mouse genome editing using the CRISPR\/Cas system. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 83, 15.7.1\u201327 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"403_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0653-x","volume":"16","author":"T Aida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aida, T. et al. Cloning-free CRISPR\/Cas system facilitates functional cassette knock-in in mice. Genome Biol. 16, 87 (2015).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"403_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12799","volume":"5","author":"H Miura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miura, H. CRISPR\/Cas9-based generation of knockdown mice by intronic insertion of artificial microRNA using longer single-stranded DNA. Sci. Rep. 5, 12799 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"403_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1220-4","volume":"18","author":"RM Quadros","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quadros, R. M. et al. Easi-CRISPR: a robust method for one-step generation of mice carrying conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins. Genome Biol. 18, 92 (2017).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"403_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10431","volume":"7","author":"K Yoshimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoshimi, K. ssODN-mediated knock-in with CRISPR-Cas for large genomic regions in zygotes. Nat. Commun. 7, 10431 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"403_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.153","volume":"13","author":"H Miura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miura, H., Quadros, R. M., Gurumurthy, C. B. & Ohtsuka, M. Easi-CRISPR for creating knock-in and conditional knockout mouse models using long ssDNA donors. Nat. Protoc. 13, 195\u2013215 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"403_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1400-x","volume":"19","author":"M Ohtsuka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohtsuka, M. et al. i-GONAD: a robust method for in situ germline genome engineering using CRISPR nucleases. Genome Biol. 19, 25 (2018).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"403_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0187-x","volume":"14","author":"CB Gurumurthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gurumurthy, C. B. et al. Creation of CRISPR-based germline-genome-engineered mice without ex vivo handling of zygotes by i-GONAD. Nat. Protoc. 14, 2452\u20132482 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"403_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dmm029462","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.029462","volume":"12","author":"CB Gurumurthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gurumurthy, C. B. & Lloyd, K. C. K. Generating mouse models for biomedical research: technological advances. Dis. Model. Mech. 12, dmm029462 (2019).","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"403_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurumurthy, C. B. et al. CRISPR\/Cas9 and the paradigm shift in mouse genome manipulation technologies. in Genome Editing (ed. Turksen, K.) 65\u201377 (Springer, 2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-34148-4_4"},{"key":"403_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6477","volume":"174","author":"LD Shultz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shultz, L. D. et al. Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD\/LtSz-scid IL2R \u03b3 null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells. J. Immunol. 174, 6477\u20136489 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"403_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-12-0207","volume":"100","author":"M Ito","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ito, M. et al. NOD\/SCID\/gamma(c)(null) mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells. Blood 100, 3175\u20133182 (2002).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"403_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxf087","volume":"14","author":"Y Saito","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saito, Y. et al. The in vivo development of human T cells from CD34+ cells in the murine thymic environment. Int. Immunol. 14, 1113\u20131124 (2002).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"403_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0516","volume":"106","author":"F Ishikawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ishikawa, F. et al. Development of functional human blood and immune systems in NOD\/SCID\/IL2 receptor \u03b3 chainnull mice. Blood 106, 1565\u20131573 (2005).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"403_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.12.006","volume":"35","author":"S Gorantla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gorantla, S., Poluektova, L. & Gendelman, H. E. Rodent models for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Trends Neurosci. 35, 197\u2013208 (2012).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"403_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","volume":"20","author":"M Merad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merad, M. & Martin, J. C. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 355\u2013362 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"403_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta, P. et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395, 1033\u20131034 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"403_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-018-0279-3","volume":"20","author":"RS Dagur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dagur, R. S. et al. Human-like NSG mouse glycoproteins sialylation pattern changes the phenotype of human lymphocytes and sensitivity to HIV-1 infection. BMC Immunol. 20, 2 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"403_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10366-y","volume":"10","author":"PK Dash","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dash, P. K. et al. Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR treatments eliminate HIV-1 in a subset of infected humanized mice. Nat. Commun. 10, 2753 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"403_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5833-5838.2005","volume":"79","author":"A Roberts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roberts, A. et al. Aged BALB\/c mice as a model for increased severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome in elderly humans. J. Virol. 79, 5833\u20135838 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"403_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01281-09","volume":"84","author":"J Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB\/c mice: CD4+ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection. J. Virol. 84, 1289\u20131301 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"403_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116480","volume":"309","author":"F Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li, F., Li, W., Farzan, M. & Harrison, S. C. Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor. Science 309, 1864\u20131868 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"403_CR49","first-page":"e00127","volume":"94","author":"Y Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S. & Li, F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J. Virol. 94, e00127\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"403_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.047","volume":"526","author":"J Luan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luan, J., Lu, Y., Jin, X. & Zhang, L. Spike protein recognition of mammalian ACE2 predicts the host range and an optimized ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 526, 165\u2013169 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"403_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leist, S. R. & Cockrell, A. S. Genetically engineering a susceptible mouse model for MERS-CoV-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. in MERS Coronavirus: Methods and Protocols (ed. Vijay, R.) 137\u2013159 (Springer, 2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0211-9_12"},{"key":"403_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann, M. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181, 271\u2013280.e8 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/rrpharmacology.6.53633","volume":"6","author":"VO Soldatov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soldatov, V. O., Kubekina, M. V., Silaeva, Y. Yu., Bruter, A. V. & Deykin, A. V. On the way from SARS-CoV-sensitive mice to murine COVID-19 model. Res. Results Pharmacol. 6, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"Res. Results Pharmacol."},{"key":"403_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20335","volume":"45","author":"MD Muzumdar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muzumdar, M. D., Tasic, B., Miyamichi, K., Li, L. & Luo, L. A global double-fluorescent Cre reporter mouse. Genesis 45, 593\u2013605 (2007).","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"403_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.035","volume":"174","author":"TL Daigle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daigle, T. L. et al. A suite of transgenic driver and reporter mouse lines with enhanced brain-cell-type targeting and functionality. Cell 174, 465\u2013480.e22 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9783","volume":"6","author":"C Robles-Oteiza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robles-Oteiza, C. et al. Recombinase-based conditional and reversible gene regulation via XTR alleles. Nat. Commun. 6, 8783 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"403_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107653","volume":"31","author":"T Abe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abe, T., Inoue, K., Furuta, Y. & Kiyonari, H. Pronuclear microinjection during S-phase increases the efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9-assisted knockin of large DNA donors in mouse zygotes. Cell Rep. 31, 107653 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"403_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoshimi, K. et al. Combi-CRISPR: combination of NHEJ and HDR provides efficient and precise plasmid-based knock-ins in mice and rats. Hum. Genet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-020-02198-4 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02198-4"},{"key":"403_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.004","volume":"181","author":"V Monteil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monteil, V. et al. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2. Cell 181, 905\u2013913.e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"403_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C. & Garry, R. F. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450\u2013452 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"403_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01673-z","volume":"18","author":"Y Hou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hou, Y. et al. New insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysis. BMC Med. 18, 216 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"403_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson, S. et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA 323, 2052 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"403_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.11.1480","volume":"40","author":"MC Veroni","year":"1991","unstructured":"Veroni, M. C., Proietto, J. & Larkins, R. G. Evolution of insulin resistance in New Zealand obese mice. Diabetes 40, 1480\u20131487 (1991).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"403_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118975","volume":"98","author":"TJ Vyse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vyse, T. J. et al. Genetic linkage of IgG autoantibody production in relation to lupus nephritis in New Zealand hybrid mice. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 1762\u20131772 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"403_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00071.2010","volume":"42A","author":"MS Barnabei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnabei, M. S., Palpant, N. J. & Metzger, J. M. Influence of genetic background on ex vivo and in vivo cardiac function in several commonly used inbred mouse strains. Physiol. Genomics 42A, 103\u2013113 (2010).","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"403_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-0467-4","volume":"43","author":"J Steppan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steppan, J. et al. Commonly used mouse strains have distinct vascular properties. Hypertens. Res. 43, 1175\u20131181 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"403_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx144","volume":"31","author":"W Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, W. et al. Differential expression of hypertensive phenotypes in BXD mouse strains in response to angiotensin II. Am. J. Hypertens. 31, 108\u2013114 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"403_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20792-5","volume":"8","author":"M Jelinek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jelinek, M., Wallach, C., Ehmke, H. & Schwoerer, A. P. Genetic background dominates the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in a murine model of \u03b2-adrenergic stimulation. Sci. Rep. 8, 2312 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"403_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.52.1.24","volume":"52","author":"DW Threadgill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Threadgill, D. W., Miller, D. R., Churchill, G. A. & de Villena, F. P.-M. The Collaborative Cross: a recombinant inbred mouse population for the systems genetic era. ILAR J. 52, 24\u201331 (2011).","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"403_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00097","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00097-20","volume":"11","author":"NI Lor\u00e8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lor\u00e8, N. I. et al. Collaborative Cross mice yield genetic modifiers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in human lung disease. mBio 11, e00097\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"403_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005504","volume":"11","author":"LE Gralinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gralinski, L. E. et al. Genome wide identification of SARS-CoV susceptibility loci using the Collaborative Cross. PLoS Genet. 11, e1005504 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"403_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.041434","volume":"7","author":"LE Gralinski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gralinski, L. E. et al. Allelic variation in the toll-like receptor adaptor protein Ticam2 contributes to SARS-coronavirus pathogenesis in mice. G3 (Bethesda) 7, 1653\u20131663 (2017).","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"403_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020283","volume":"383","author":"D Ellinghaus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellinghaus, D. et al. Genomewide association study of severe Covid-19 with respiratory failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1522\u20131534 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"403_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-0636-6","volume":"28","author":"The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative.","year":"2020","unstructured":"The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 28, 715\u2013718 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"403_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.08.007","volume":"107","author":"M LoPresti","year":"2020","unstructured":"LoPresti, M., Beck, D. B., Duggal, P., Cummings, D. A. T. & Solomon, B. D. The role of host genetic factors in coronavirus susceptibility: review of animal and systematic review of human literature. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 107, 381\u2013402 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-020-00403-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-020-00403-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-020-00403-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T01:26:02Z","timestamp":1650245162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-020-00403-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-020-00403-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The University of Nebraska Medical Center has filed a provisional patent on the proposed mouse model designs (inventors: C.B.G., R.M.Q. and M.O.).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}