{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T06:20:22Z","timestamp":1792822822424,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012443","name":"Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-MSCRFF-3942, 2019-MSCRFF- 5031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-MSCRFF-3942, 2019-MSCRFF- 5031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012443","name":"Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-MSCRFF- 5031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-MSCRFF- 5031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012443","name":"Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-MSCRFF-3942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-MSCRFF-3942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00634-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T12:47:34Z","timestamp":1639399654000},"page":"76-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Hyperosmolar blood\u2013brain barrier opening using intra-arterial injection of hyperosmotic mannitol in mice under real-time MRI guidance"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chengyan","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jablonska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech G.","family":"Lesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanshu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslaw","family":"Janowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3733-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Walczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"634_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.3.JNS122226","volume":"119","author":"EK Nduom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nduom, E. K., Yang, C., Merrill, M. J., Zhuang, Z. & Lonser, R. R. Characterization of the blood\u2013brain barrier of metastatic and primary malignant neoplasms. J. Neurosurg. 119, 427\u2013433 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"634_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr161","volume":"134","author":"MD Budde","year":"2011","unstructured":"Budde, M. D., Janes, L., Gold, E., Turtzo, L. C. & Frank, J. A. The contribution of gliosis to diffusion tensor anisotropy and tractography following traumatic brain injury: validation in the rat using Fourier analysis of stained tissue sections. Brain 134, 2248\u20132260 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"634_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.1.3","volume":"2","author":"WM Pardridge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pardridge, W. M. The blood\u2013brain barrier: bottleneck in brain drug development. NeuroRx 2, 3\u201314 (2005).","journal-title":"NeuroRx"},{"key":"634_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0986-74","volume":"255","author":"GW Goldstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Goldstein, G. W. & Betz, A. L. The blood\u2013brain barrier. Sci. Am. 255, 74\u20137 (1986).","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"634_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-016-2099-8","volume":"128","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chakraborty, S. et al. Superselective intraarterial cerebral infusion of cetuximab after osmotic blood\/brain barrier disruption for recurrent malignant glioma: phase I study. J. Neurooncol. 128, 405\u2013415 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"634_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X678337","volume":"23","author":"GS Gonzales-Portillo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonzales-Portillo, G. S. et al. Mannitol-enhanced delivery of stem cells and their growth factors across the blood\u2013brain barrier. Cell Transplant. 23, 531\u2013539 (2014).","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"634_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901520402","volume":"152","author":"MW Brightman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Brightman, M. W., Hori, M., Rapoport, S. I., Reese, T. S. & Westergaard, E. Osmotic opening of tight junctions in cerebral endothelium. J. Comp. Neurol. 152, 317\u2013325 (1973).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"634_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.09.018","volume":"196","author":"CP Foley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foley, C. P. et al. Intra-arterial delivery of AAV vectors to the mouse brain after mannitol mediated blood brain barrier disruption. J. Control. Release 196, 71\u201378 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"634_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.05.056","volume":"77","author":"JK Burkhardt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burkhardt, J. K. et al. Intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab after blood\u2013brain barrier disruption for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: progression-free survival and overall survival. World Neurosurg. 77, 130\u2013134 (2012).","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"634_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0466-4","volume":"104","author":"S Joshi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joshi, S. et al. Inconsistent blood brain barrier disruption by intraarterial mannitol in rabbits: implications for chemotherapy. J. Neurooncol. 104, 11\u201319 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"634_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15615875","volume":"36","author":"M Janowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Janowski, M., Walczak, P. & Pearl, M. S. Predicting and optimizing the territory of blood\u2013brain barrier opening by superselective intra-arterial cerebral infusion under dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI guidance. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 36, 569\u2013575 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"634_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.07.012","volume":"76","author":"M Kaya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaya, M. et al. The effects of magnesium sulfate on blood\u2013brain barrier disruption caused by intracarotid injection of hyperosmolar mannitol in rats. Life Sci. 76, 201\u2013212 (2004).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"634_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013017821166","volume":"55","author":"WL Yang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yang, W. L. et al. Evaluation of systemically administered radiolabeled epidermal growth factor as a brain tumor targeting agent. J. Neuro-Oncol. 55, 19\u201328 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"634_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X690971","volume":"25","author":"N Tajiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tajiri, N., Lee, J. Y., Acosta, S., Sanberg, P. R. & Borlongan, C. V. Breaking the blood\u2013brain barrier with mannitol to aid stem cell therapeutics in the chronic stroke brain. Cell Transplant. 25, 1453\u20131460 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"634_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.05.080","volume":"1224","author":"DM Seyfried","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seyfried, D. M. et al. Mannitol enhances delivery of marrow stromal cells to the brain after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res. 1224, 12\u201319 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"634_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2003.08.021","volume":"8","author":"H Fu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fu, H. et al. Self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 2 vector: global distribution and broad dispersion of AAV-mediated transgene expression in mouse brain. Mol. Ther. 8, 911\u2013917 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"634_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.32","volume":"33","author":"M Janowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janowski, M. et al. Cell size and velocity of injection are major determinants of the safety of intracarotid stem cell transplantation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 33, 921\u2013927 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"634_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16665853","volume":"37","author":"P Walczak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walczak, P. et al. Real-time MRI for precise and predictable intra-arterial stem cell delivery to the central nervous system. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 37, 2346\u20132358 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"634_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014469","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-014469","volume":"12","author":"M Zawadzki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zawadzki, M. et al. Real-time MRI guidance for intra-arterial drug delivery in a patient with a brain tumor: technical note. BMJ Case Rep. 12, e014469 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"634_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-011-9537-3","volume":"21","author":"A Doyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doyle, A., McGarry, M. P., Lee, N. A. & Lee, J. J. The construction of transgenic and gene knockout\/knockin mouse models of human disease. Transgenic Res. 21, 327\u2013349 (2012).","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"634_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1179\/174329210X12650506623401","volume":"15","author":"J Rivera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rivera, J., Sobey, C. G., Walduck, A. K. & Drummond, G. R. Nox isoforms in vascular pathophysiology: insights from transgenic and knockout mouse models. Redox Rep. 15, 50\u201363 (2010).","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"634_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2007.10.009","volume":"43","author":"A Bartke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bartke, A. New findings in gene knockout, mutant and transgenic mice. Exp. Gerontol. 43, 11\u201314 (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"634_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00921","volume":"9","author":"C Chu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chu, C. et al. Real-time MRI guidance for reproducible hyperosmolar opening of the blood\u2013brain barrier in mice. Front. Neurol. 9, 921 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"634_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.11.019","volume":"317","author":"C Chu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chu, C. et al. Optimization of osmotic blood\u2013brain barrier opening to enable intravital microscopy studies on drug delivery in mouse cortex. J. Control. Release 317, 312\u2013321 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"634_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04347-y","volume":"46","author":"WG Lesniak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lesniak, W. G. et al. PET imaging of distinct brain uptake of a nanobody and similarly-sized PAMAM dendrimers after intra-arterial administration. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 46, 1940\u20131951 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"634_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.218792","volume":"60","author":"WG Lesniak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lesniak, W. G. et al. A distinct advantage to intraarterial delivery of (89)Zr-bevacizumab in PET imaging of mice with and without osmotic opening of the blood\u2013brain barrier. J. Nucl. Med. 60, 617\u2013622 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"634_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302445","volume":"12","author":"R Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, R., Martuza, R. L. & Rabkin, S. D. Intracarotid delivery of oncolytic HSV vector G47Delta to metastatic breast cancer in the brain. Gene Ther. 12, 647\u2013654 (2005).","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"634_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2016.1162152","volume":"13","author":"YE Choonara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choonara, Y. E., Kumar, P., Modi, G. & Pillay, V. Improving drug delivery technology for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 13, 1029\u20131043 (2016).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"634_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2018.09.005","volume":"14","author":"X Niu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niu, X., Chen, J. & Gao, J. Nanocarriers as a powerful vehicle to overcome blood\u2013brain barrier in treating neurodegenerative diseases: focus on recent advances. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 14, 480\u2013496 (2019).","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"634_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0023","volume":"4","author":"S Cerri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cerri, S. et al. Intracarotid infusion of mesenchymal stem cells in an animal model of parkinson\u2019s disease, focusing on cell distribution and neuroprotective and behavioral effects. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 4, 1073\u20131085 (2015).","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"634_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kijima, N. & Kanemura, Y. Mouse models of glioblastoma. in Glioblastoma (ed. De Vleeschouwer, S.) Ch. 7 (Codon Publications, 2017).","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch7"},{"key":"634_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776577","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1776577","volume":"9","author":"X Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan, X. et al. Modeling human pediatric and adult gliomas in immunocompetent mice through costimulatory blockade. Oncoimmunology 9, 1776577 (2020).","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"634_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.11.017","volume":"88","author":"AM Hall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall, A. M. & Roberson, E. D. Mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Res. Bull. 88, 3\u201312 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"634_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0938-y","volume":"318","author":"A Schober","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schober, A. Classic toxin-induced animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease: 6-OHDA and MPTP. Cell Tissue Res. 318, 215\u2013224 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"634_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04529-6","volume":"9","author":"N Lipsman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lipsman, N. et al. Blood\u2013brain barrier opening in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound. Nat. Commun. 9, 2336 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"634_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36340-0","volume":"9","author":"T Mainprize","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mainprize, T. et al. Blood\u2013brain barrier opening in primary brain tumors with non-invasive MR-guided focused ultrasound: a clinical safety and feasibility study. Sci. Rep. 9, 321 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"634_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.07.023","volume":"309","author":"Y Meng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meng, Y. et al. Safety and efficacy of focused ultrasound induced blood\u2013brain barrier opening, an integrative review of animal and human studies. J. Control. Release 309, 25\u201336 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"634_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710761114","volume":"114","author":"J Silburt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silburt, J., Lipsman, N. & Aubert, I. Disrupting the blood\u2013brain barrier with focused ultrasound: perspectives on inflammation and regeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 114, E6735\u2013E6736 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"634_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H972","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00197.2016","volume":"311","author":"A Polycarpou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polycarpou, A. et al. Adaptation of the cerebrocortical circulation to carotid artery occlusion involves blood flow redistribution between cortical regions and is independent of eNOS. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 311, H972\u2013H980 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"634_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.12.005","volume":"210","author":"K Yoshizaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoshizaki, K. et al. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion causes delayed white matter lesions and cognitive impairment in adult mice. Exp. Neurol. 210, 585\u2013591 (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"634_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.047","volume":"143","author":"P Lacolley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lacolley, P. et al. Occipital artery injections of 5-HT may directly activate the cell bodies of vagal and glossopharyngeal afferent cell bodies in the rat. Neuroscience 143, 289\u2013308 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"634_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.10.941","volume":"24","author":"LA Gillilan","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gillilan, L. A. Potential collateral circulation to the human cerebral cortex. Neurology 24, 941\u2013948 (1974).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"634_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13231-016-0015-0","volume":"8","author":"E Cuccione","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cuccione, E., Padovano, G., Versace, A., Ferrarese, C. & Beretta, S. Cerebral collateral circulation in experimental ischemic stroke. Exp. Transl. Stroke Med. 8, 2 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Transl. Stroke Med."},{"key":"634_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198309000-00009","volume":"13","author":"CP McGraw","year":"1983","unstructured":"McGraw, C. P. & Howard, G. Effect of mannitol on increased intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery 13, 269\u2013271 (1983).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"634_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.8.1550","volume":"29","author":"S Schwarz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwarz, S., Schwab, S., Bertram, M., Aschoff, A. & Hacke, W. Effects of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution and mannitol in patients with increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke 29, 1550\u20131555 (1998).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"634_CR46","first-page":"R443","volume":"256","author":"WC Cosolo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cosolo, W. C., Martinello, P., Louis, W. J. & Christophidis, N. Blood\u2013brain barrier disruption using mannitol: time course and electron microscopy studies. Am. J. Physiol. 256, R443\u2013R447 (1989).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"634_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.2.266","volume":"19","author":"WR Fredericks","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fredericks, W. R. & Rapoport, S. I. Reversible osmotic opening of the blood\u2013brain barrier in mice. Stroke 19, 266\u2013268 (1988).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"634_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2014.06.002","volume":"71","author":"ND Doolittle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doolittle, N. D., Muldoon, L. L., Culp, A. Y. & Neuwelt, E. A. Delivery of chemotherapeutics across the blood\u2013brain barrier: challenges and advances. Adv. Pharmacol. 71, 203\u2013243 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"634_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018288","volume":"49","author":"R Guzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guzman, R., Janowski, M. & Walczak, P. Intra-arterial delivery of cell therapies for stroke. Stroke 49, 1075\u20131082 (2018).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"634_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74411-3","volume":"10","author":"D Golubczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Golubczyk, D. et al. Endovascular model of ischemic stroke in swine guided by real-time MRI. Sci. Rep. 10, 17318 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"634_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005769214899","volume":"33","author":"W Yang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yang, W. et al. Enhanced survival of glioma bearing rats following boron neutron capture therapy with blood\u2013brain barrier disruption and intracarotid injection of boronophenylalanine. J. Neurooncol. 33, 59\u201370 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"634_CR52","first-page":"4725","volume":"48","author":"EA Neuwelt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Neuwelt, E. A. et al. Delivery of melanoma-associated immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody and Fab fragments to normal brain utilizing osmotic blood\u2013brain barrier disruption. Cancer Res. 48, 4725\u20134729 (1988).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"634_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S529","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932935","volume":"63","author":"P Kozler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kozler, P., Riljak, V., Jandova, K. & Pokorny, J. CT imaging and spontaneous behavior analysis after osmotic blood\u2013brain barrier opening in Wistar rat. Physiol. Res. 63, S529\u2013S534 (2014).","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"634_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200110000-00023","volume":"95","author":"OZ Chi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chi, O. Z., Liu, X. & Weiss, H. R. Effects of mild hypothermia on blood\u2013brain barrier disruption during isoflurane or pentobarbital anesthesia. Anesthesiology 95, 933\u2013938 (2001).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"634_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.08.005","volume":"26","author":"B Godinho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Godinho, B. et al. Transvascular delivery of hydrophobically modified siRNAs: gene silencing in the rat brain upon disruption of the blood\u2013brain barrier. Mol. Ther. 26, 2580\u20132591 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"634_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, J. A.; Maris, A. S.; Ehtesham, M.; Singer, R. J., Rat model of blood\u2013brain barrier disruption to allow targeted neurovascular therapeutics. J. Vis. Exp. 2012, e50019.","DOI":"10.3791\/50019-v"},{"key":"634_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-299X(01)00094-0","volume":"8","author":"AK Bhattacharjee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, A. K., Nagashima, T., Kondoh, T. & Tamaki, N. Quantification of early blood\u2013brain barrier disruption by in situ brain perfusion technique. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 8, 126\u2013131 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc."},{"key":"634_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00236","volume":"12","author":"F Ju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ju, F. et al. Increased BBB permeability enhances activation of microglia and exacerbates loss of dendritic spines after transient global cerebral ischemia. Front. Cell Neurosci. 12, 236 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-021-00634-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-021-00634-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-021-00634-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T09:10:29Z","timestamp":1676020229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-021-00634-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-021-00634-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.P., M.J. and P.W. are founders and equity holders in Intra-ART. M.J. and P.W. are founders and equity holders in Ti-Com.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}