{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:55:10Z","timestamp":1793134510616,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00792-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T12:03:16Z","timestamp":1673006596000},"page":"1243-1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["A \u2018print\u2013pause\u2013print\u2019 protocol for 3D printing microfluidics using multimaterial stereolithography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Ahmadianyazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Folch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"792_CR1","unstructured":"Folch, A. Introduction to BioMEMS (CRC Press, 2012)."},{"key":"792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.07.002","volume":"27","author":"P Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, P. & Mathies, R. A. Integrated microfluidic systems for high-performance genetic analysis. Trends Biotechnol. 27, 572\u2013581 (2009).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"792_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm4041","volume":"16","author":"TA Duncombe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duncombe, T. A., Tentori, A. M. & Herr, A. E. Microfluidics: reframing biological enquiry. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 554\u2013567 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1753","volume":"5","author":"KS Elvira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elvira, K. S., Casadevall i Solvas, X., Wootton, R. C. R. & DeMello, A. J. The past, present and potential for microfluidic reactor technology in chemical synthesis. Nat. Chem. 5, 905\u2013915 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"792_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.3.1.335","volume":"3","author":"GM Whitesides","year":"2003","unstructured":"Whitesides, G. M., Ostuni, E., Takayama, S., Jiang, X. & Ingber, D. E. Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 3, 335\u2013373 (2003).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1616","volume":"5","author":"DB Weibel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weibel, D. B., Diluzio, W. R. & Whitesides, G. M. Microfabrication meets microbiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5, 209\u2013218 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"792_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2358194","volume":"89","author":"C-H Hsu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-H. & Folch, A. Spatio-temporally-complex concentration profiles using a tunable chaotic micromixer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 144102 (2006).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"792_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2363931","volume":"89","author":"EW Lam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lam, E. W., Cooksey, G. A., Finlayson, B. A. & Folch, A. Microfluidic circuits with tunable flow resistances. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 164105 (2006).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"792_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201504382","volume":"55","author":"AK Au","year":"2016","unstructured":"Au, A. K., Huynh, W., Horowitz, L. F. & Folch, A. 3D-printed microfluidics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 3862\u20133881 (2016).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00163G","volume":"16","author":"N Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, N., Urrios, A., Kang, S. & Folch, A. The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics. Lab Chip 16, 1720\u20131742 (2016).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-091619-102649","volume":"13","author":"AV Nielsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nielsen, A. V., Beauchamp, M. J., Nordin, G. P. & Woolley, A. T. 3D printed microfluidics. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 13, 45\u201365 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"792_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-092618-020341","volume":"21","author":"A Naderi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naderi, A., Bhattacharjee, N. & Folch, A. Digital manufacturing for microfluidics. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 21, 325\u2013364 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00153J","volume":"16","author":"A Urrios","year":"2016","unstructured":"Urrios, A. et al. 3D-printing of transparent bio-microfluidic devices in PEG-DA. Lab Chip 16, 2287\u20132294 (2016).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9030125","volume":"9","author":"YT Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, Y. T., Castro, K., Bhattacharjee, N. & Folch, A. Digital manufacturing of selective porous barriers in microchannels using multi-material stereolithography. Micromachines 9, 125 (2018).","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"792_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106621","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA23855B","volume":"5","author":"H Gong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gong, H., Beauchamp, M., Perry, S., Woolley, A. T. & Nordin, G. P. Optical approach to resin formulation for 3D printed microfluidics. RSC Adv. 5, 106621 (2015).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"792_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00565A","volume":"16","author":"H Gong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gong, H., Woolley, A. T. & Nordin, G. P. High density 3D printed microfluidic valves, pumps, and multiplexers. Lab Chip 16, 2450\u20132458 (2016).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09875","volume":"5","author":"MP Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, M. P. et al. Development of a 3D printer using scanning projection stereolithography. Sci. Rep. 5, 9875 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800395","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800395","volume":"4","author":"AP Kuo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuo, A. P. et al. High-precision stereolithography of biomicrofluidic devices. Adv. Mater. Technol. 4, 1800395 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00055","volume":"3","author":"C Warr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warr, C. et al. Biocompatible PEGDA resin for 3D printing. ACS Appl. Bio. Mater. 3, 2239\u20132244 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2022","volume":"6","author":"NW Choi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Choi, N. W. et al. Microfluidic scaffolds for tissue engineering. Nat. Mater. 6, 908\u2013915 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00525G","volume":"18","author":"YJ Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, Y. J. et al. Hydrogel-incorporating unit in a well: 3D cell culture for high-throughput analysis. Lab Chip 18, 2604\u20132613 (2018).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt876","volume":"21","author":"DA LaVan","year":"2003","unstructured":"LaVan, D. A., McGuire, T. & Langer, R. Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nat. Biotech. 21, 1184\u20131191 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotech."},{"key":"792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00247A","volume":"16","author":"X Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, L. & Luo, C. Gel integration for microfluidic applications. Lab Chip 16, 1757\u20131776 (2016).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.031","volume":"31","author":"MP Cuchiara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cuchiara, M. P., Allen, A. C. B., Chen, T. M., Miller, J. S. & West, J. L. Multilayer microfluidic PEGDA hydrogels. Biomaterials 31, 5491\u20135497 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"792_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51052B","volume":"14","author":"CG Sip","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sip, C. G., Bhattacharjee, N. & Folch, A. Microfluidic transwell inserts for generation of tissue culture-friendly gradients in well plates. Lab Chip 14, 302\u2013314 (2013).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3490784","volume":"4","author":"DM Cate","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cate, D. M., Sip, C. G. & Folch, A. A microfluidic platform for generation of sharp gradients in open-access culture. Biomicrofluidics 4, 044105 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"792_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503310","volume":"28","author":"C Colosi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colosi, C. et al. Microfluidic bioprinting of heterogeneous 3D tissue constructs using low-viscosity bioink. Adv. Mater. 28, 677\u2013684 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3108","volume":"10","author":"E Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang, E. et al. Digitally tunable physicochemical coding of material composition and topography in continuous microfibres. Nat. Mater. 10, 877\u2013883 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19100","volume":"536","author":"M Wehner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wehner, M. et al. An integrated design and fabrication strategy for entirely soft, autonomous robots. Nature 536, 451\u2013455 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201500222","volume":"27","author":"JO Hardin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hardin, J. O., Ober, T. J., Valentine, A. D. & Lewis, J. A. Microfluidic printheads for multimaterial 3D printing of viscoelastic inks. Adv. Mater. 27, 3279\u20133284 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1736-8","volume":"575","author":"MA Skylar-Scott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skylar-Scott, M. A., Mueller, J., Visser, C. W. & Lewis, J. A. Voxelated soft matter via multimaterial multinozzle 3D printing. Nature 575, 330\u2013335 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"792_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4782","volume":"16","author":"JU Lind","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lind, J. U. et al. Instrumented cardiac microphysiological devices via multimaterial three-dimensional printing. Nat. Mater. 16, 303\u2013308 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201501760","volume":"25","author":"BN Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson, B. N. et al. 3D printed anatomical nerve regeneration pathways. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6205\u20136217 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803980","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803980","volume":"30","author":"SH Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park, S. H. et al. 3D printed polymer photodetectors. Adv. Mater. 30, 1803980 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604630","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604630","volume":"29","author":"W Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Rapid continuous multimaterial extrusion bioprinting. Adv. Mater. 29, 1604630 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"792_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2010.10.003","volume":"211","author":"JW Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi, J. W., Kim, H. C. & Wicker, R. Multi-material stereolithography. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211, 318\u2013328 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"792_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1108\/13552541311312148","volume":"19","author":"C Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Yang, Z. & Khoshnevis, B. Digital material fabrication using mask-image-projection-based stereolithography. Rapid Prototyp. J. 19, 153\u2013165 (2013).","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"792_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00189-2","volume":"77","author":"X Zhang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Jiang, X. N. & Sun, C. Micro-stereolithography of polymeric and ceramic microstructures. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 77, 149\u2013156 (1999).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"792_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1039\/c004285d","volume":"10","author":"V Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan, V., Zorlutuna, P., Jeong, J. H., Kong, H. & Bashir, R. Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation. Lab Chip 10, 2062\u20132070 (2010).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.048","volume":"33","author":"R Gauvin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gauvin, R. et al. Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography. Biomaterials 33, 3824\u20133834 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"792_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00644F","volume":"17","author":"H Gong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gong, H., Bickham, B. P., Woolley, A. T. & Nordin, G. P. Custom 3D printer and resin for 18 \u03bcm \u00d7 20 \u03bcm microfluidic flow channels. Lab Chip 17, 2899\u20132909 (2017).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00535H","volume":"19","author":"YT Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, Y. T., Bohjanen, S., Bhattacharjee, N. & Folch, A. Partitioning of hydrogels in 3D-printed microchannels. Lab Chip 19, 3086\u20133093 (2019).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"792_CR43","unstructured":"Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, Product information Sigmacote (2016); https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/deepweb\/assets\/sigmaaldrich\/product\/documents\/133\/975\/sl2pis.pdf"},{"key":"792_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4939031","volume":"9","author":"F Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu, F., Friedrich, T., Nugegoda, D., Kaslin, J. & Wlodkowic, D. Assessment of the biocompatibility of three-dimensional-printed polymers using multispecies toxicity tests. Biomicrofluidics 9, 061103 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"792_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC01374G","volume":"16","author":"NP Macdonald","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macdonald, N. P. et al. Assessment of biocompatibility of 3D printed photopolymers using zebrafish embryo toxicity assays. Lab Chip 16, 291\u2013297 (2016).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-023-00818-7","type":"addendum","label":"Addendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000}}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-022-00792-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-022-00792-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-022-00792-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T11:08:32Z","timestamp":1681211312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-022-00792-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-022-00792-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}