{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:11:05Z","timestamp":1790302265094,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-01093-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T14:20:18Z","timestamp":1733149218000},"page":"1584-1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Generation and long-term culture of human cerebellar organoids from pluripotent stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Atamian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Birtele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Quadrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1093_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.029","volume":"107","author":"A Del Dosso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Dosso, A., Urenda, J.-P., Nguyen, T. & Quadrato, G. Upgrading the physiological relevance of human brain organoids. Neuron 107, 1014\u20131028 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1093_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.12.017","volume":"93","author":"J-P Urenda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Urenda, J.-P., Dosso, A. D., Birtele, M. & Quadrato, G. Present and future modeling of human psychiatric connectopathies with brain organoids. Biol. Psychiatry 93, 606\u2013615 (2023).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1093_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00723-9","volume":"18","author":"OL Eichm\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eichm\u00fcller, O. L. & Knoblich, J. A. Human cerebral organoids\u2014a new tool for clinical neurology research. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 18, 661\u2013680 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"1093_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.05.022","volume":"111","author":"A Atamian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atamian, A., Cord\u00f3n-Barris, L. & Quadrato, G. Taming human brain organoids one cell at a time. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 111, 23\u201331 (2021).","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"1093_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(04)00027-9","volume":"6","author":"SW Wilson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilson, S. W. & Houart, C. Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Dev. Cell 6, 167\u2013181 (2004).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"1093_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","volume":"688","author":"JD Schmahmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmahmann, J. D. The cerebellum and cognition. Neurosci. Lett. 688, 62\u201375 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"1093_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197459","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1197459","volume":"17","author":"P Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, P. et al. The cerebellum and cognitive neural networks. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 17, 1197459 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.056","volume":"24","author":"RA Barton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barton, R. A. & Venditti, C. Rapid evolution of the cerebellum in humans and other great apes. Curr. Biol. 24, 2440\u20132444 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"1093_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax7526","volume":"366","author":"P Haldipur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haldipur, P. et al. Spatiotemporal expansion of primary progenitor zones in the developing human cerebellum. Science 366, 454\u2013460 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1093_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00872-y","volume":"24","author":"KA Aldinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldinger, K. A. et al. Spatial and cell type transcriptional landscape of human cerebellar development. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 1163\u20131175 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06884-x","volume":"625","author":"M Sepp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sepp, M. et al. Cellular development and evolution of the mammalian cerebellum. Nature 625, 788\u2013796 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1093_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.11.013","volume":"31","author":"A Atamian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atamian, A. et al. Human cerebellar organoids with functional Purkinje cells. Cell Stem Cell 31, 39\u201351.e6 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1093_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.21.4827","volume":"126","author":"A Liu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liu, A., Losos, K. & Joyner, A. L. FGF8 can activate Gbx2 and transform regions of the rostral mouse brain into a hindbrain fate. Development 126, 4827\u20134838 (1999).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.6.1189","volume":"126","author":"S Martinez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martinez, S., Crossley, P. H., Cobos, I., Rubenstein, J. L. R. & Martin, G. R. FGF8 induces formation of an ectopic isthmic organizer and isthmocerebellar development via a repressive effect on Otx2 expression. Development 126, 1189\u20131200 (1999).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(00)00567-0","volume":"101","author":"A-L Garda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garda, A.-L., Echevarr\u0131\u0301a, D. & Mart\u0131\u0301nez, S. Neuroepithelial co-expression of Gbx2 and Otx2 precedes Fgf8 expression in the isthmic organizer. Mech. Dev. 101, 111\u2013118 (2001).","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"1093_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0018-4","volume":"23","author":"M Sundberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sundberg, M. et al. Purkinje cells derived from TSC patients display hypoexcitability and synaptic deficits associated with reduced FMRP levels and reversed by rapamycin. Mol. Psychiatry 23, 2167\u20132183 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1093_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15085","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000102117","volume":"117","author":"DE Buchholz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchholz, D. E. et al. Novel genetic features of human and mouse Purkinje cell differentiation defined by comparative transcriptomics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 15085\u201315095 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1093_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2017.11.010","volume":"49","author":"G Quadrato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quadrato, G. & Arlotta, P. Present and future of modeling human brain development in 3D organoids. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 49, 47\u201352 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1093_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1529","volume":"27","author":"SM Chambers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chambers, S. M. et al. Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 275\u2013280 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1093_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.051","volume":"10","author":"K Muguruma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muguruma, K., Nishiyama, A., Kawakami, H., Hashimoto, K. & Sasai, Y. Self-organization of polarized cerebellar tissue in 3D culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep. 10, 537\u2013550 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1093_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0602-854","volume":"5","author":"U Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m, U., Jessell, T. M. & Edlund, T. Progressive induction of caudal neural character by graded Wnt signaling. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 525\u2013532 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(98)00224-X","volume":"81","author":"M Hidalgo-S\u00e1nchez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hidalgo-S\u00e1nchez, M., Millet, S., Simeone, A. & Alvarado-Mallart, R.-M. Comparative analysis of Otx2, Gbx2, Pax2, Fgf8 and Wnt1 gene expressions during the formation of the chick midbrain\/hindbrain domain. Mech. Dev. 81, 175\u2013178 (1999).","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"1093_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.13.2461","volume":"128","author":"T Sato","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sato, T., Araki, I. & Nakamura, H. Inductive signal and tissue responsiveness defining the tectum and the cerebellum. Development 128, 2461\u20132469 (2001).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2009.01128.x","volume":"51","author":"M Hendrickx","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hendrickx, M., Van, X. H. & Leyns, L. Anterior\u2013posterior patterning of neural differentiated embryonic stem cells by canonical Wnts, Fgfs, Bmp4 and their respective antagonists. Dev. Growth Differ. 51, 687\u2013698 (2009).","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"1093_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.07.005","volume":"19","author":"J Jo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jo, J. et al. Midbrain-like organoids from human pluripotent stem cells contain functional dopaminergic and neuromelanin-producing neurons. Cell Stem Cell 19, 248\u2013257 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1093_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24230","volume":"244","author":"D Green","year":"2015","unstructured":"Green, D., Whitener, A. E., Mohanty, S. & Lekven, A. C. Vertebrate nervous system posteriorization: grading the function of Wnt signaling. Dev. Dyn. 244, 507\u2013512 (2015).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"1093_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.10.005","volume":"49","author":"H Nakamura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakamura, H., Katahira, T., Matsunaga, E. & Sato, T. Isthmus organizer for midbrain and hindbrain development. Brain Res. Rev. 49, 120\u2013126 (2005).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"1093_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00487","volume":"130","author":"CL Chi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chi, C. L., Martinez, S., Wurst, W. & Martin, G. R. The isthmic organizer signal FGF8 is required for cell survival in the prospective midbrain and cerebellum. Development 130, 2633\u20132644 (2003).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/31269","volume":"393","author":"Y-R Zou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zou, Y.-R., Kottmann, A. H., Kuroda, M., Taniuchi, I. & Littman, D. R. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature 393, 595\u2013599 (1998).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1093_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04378.x","volume":"22","author":"TO Vilz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vilz, T. O. et al. The SDF\u20101\/CXCR4 pathway and the development of the cerebellar system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 1831\u20131839 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He, Z. et al. An integrated transcriptomic cell atlas of human neural organoids. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.10.05.561097 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.05.561097"},{"key":"1093_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05208-9","volume":"609","author":"KS Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith, K. S. et al. Unified rhombic lip origins of group 3 and group 4 medulloblastoma. Nature 609, 1012\u20131020 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1093_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05215-w","volume":"609","author":"LD Hendrikse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hendrikse, L. D. et al. Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature 609, 1021\u20131028 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1093_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00825","volume":"130","author":"D Tanaka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tanaka, D., Nakaya, Y., Yanagawa, Y., Obata, K. & Murakami, F. Multimodal tangential migration of neocortical GABAergic neurons independent of GPI-anchored proteins. Development 130, 5803\u20135813 (2003).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5805","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05805.2003","volume":"23","author":"ESBC Ang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ang, E. S. B. C., Haydar, T. F., Gluncic, V. & Rakic, P. Four-dimensional migratory coordinates of GABAergic interneurons in the developing mouse cortex. J. Neurosci. 23, 5805\u20135815 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02382","volume":"133","author":"DH Tanaka","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tanaka, D. H., Maekawa, K., Yanagawa, Y., Obata, K. & Murakami, F. Multidirectional and multizonal tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Development 133, 2167\u20132176 (2006).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.025502","volume":"136","author":"FJ Martini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martini, F. J. et al. Biased selection of leading process branches mediates chemotaxis during tangential neuronal migration. Development 136, 41\u201350 (2009).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1093_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.04.064","volume":"97","author":"JM Britto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Britto, J. M., Johnston, L. A. & Tan, S.-S. The stochastic search dynamics of interneuron migration. Biophys. J. 97, 699\u2013709 (2009).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"1093_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5446-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"DH Tanaka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tanaka, D. H. et al. Random walk behavior of migrating cortical interneurons in the marginal zone: time-lapse analysis in flat-mount cortex. J. Neurosci. 29, 1300\u20131311 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3541","volume":"16","author":"DV Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen, D. V. et al. Non-epithelial stem cells and cortical interneuron production in the human ganglionic eminences. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1576\u20131587 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3536","volume":"16","author":"T Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma, T. et al. Subcortical origins of human and monkey neocortical interneurons. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 1588\u20131597 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80086-0","volume":"86","author":"C Barlow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barlow, C. et al. Atm-deficient mice: a paradigm of ataxia telangiectasia. Cell 86, 159\u2013171 (1996).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1093_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24522","volume":"247","author":"KR Choy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choy, K. R. & Watters, D. J. Neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: multiple roles of ATM kinase in cellular homeostasis: ATM and cellular homeostasis. Dev. Dyn. 247, 33\u201346 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"1093_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2005.07.007","volume":"53","author":"K Hashimoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K. & Kano, M. Postnatal development and synapse elimination of climbing fiber to Purkinje cell projection in the cerebellum. Neurosci. Res. 53, 221\u2013228 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"1093_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.03.004","volume":"72","author":"C Sotelo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sotelo, C. Cellular and genetic regulation of the development of the cerebellar system. Prog. Neurobiol. 72, 295\u2013339 (2004).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1093_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(04)48001-7","volume":"148","author":"C Sotelo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sotelo, C. & Ch\u00e9dotal, A. Development of the olivocerebellar system: migration and formation of cerebellar maps. Prog. Brain Res. 148, 1\u201320 (2005).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"1093_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40673-015-0026-y","volume":"2","author":"M Rahimi-Balaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rahimi-Balaei, M. et al. Embryonic stages in cerebellar afferent development. Cerebellum Ataxias 2, 7 (2015).","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"1093_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.02.006","volume":"78","author":"M Ito","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ito, M. Cerebellar circuitry as a neuronal machine. Prog. Neurobiol. 78, 272\u2013303 (2006).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1093_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2332","volume":"9","author":"M Ito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ito, M. Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 304\u2013313 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0081-4","volume":"15","author":"M Madhavan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Madhavan, M. et al. Induction of myelinating oligodendrocytes in human cortical spheroids. Nat. Methods 15, 700\u2013706 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1093_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0316-9","volume":"22","author":"RM Marton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marton, R. M. et al. Differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes in human three-dimensional neural cultures. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 484\u2013491 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5","volume":"16","author":"B Cakir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cakir, B. et al. Engineering of human brain organoids with a functional vascular-like system. Nat. Methods 16, 1169\u20131175 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"1093_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.008","volume":"98","author":"Y-T Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-T. et al. APOE4 causes widespread molecular and cellular alterations associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease phenotypes in human iPSC-derived brain cell types. Neuron 98, 1141\u20131154.e7 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1093_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47444-6","volume":"9","author":"L Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, L. et al. Functionalization of brain region-specific spheroids with isogenic microglia-like cells. Sci. Rep. 9, 11055 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1093_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382534","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2382534","volume":"2019","author":"J Bejoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bejoy, J. et al. Genomics analysis of metabolic pathways of human stem cell-derived microglia-like cells and the integrated cortical spheroids. Stem Cells Int. 2019, 2382534 (2019).","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"1093_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.08.015","volume":"28","author":"G Popova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popova, G. et al. Human microglia states are conserved across experimental models and regulate neural stem cell responses in chimeric organoids. Cell Stem Cell 28, 2153\u20132166.e6 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1093_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf0834","volume":"382","author":"D Velmeshev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Velmeshev, D. et al. Single-cell analysis of prenatal and postnatal human cortical development. Science 382, eadf0834 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1093_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03910-8","volume":"598","author":"A Bhaduri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhaduri, A. et al. An atlas of cortical arealization identifies dynamic molecular signatures. Nature 598, 200\u2013204 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1093_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.08.039","volume":"186","author":"H Mathys","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mathys, H. et al. Single-cell atlas reveals correlates of high cognitive function, dementia, and resilience to Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Cell 186, 4365\u20134385.e27 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1093_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.011","volume":"103","author":"D Polioudakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polioudakis, D. et al. A single cell transcriptomic atlas of human neocortical development during mid-gestation. Neuron 103, 785\u2013801.e8 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1093_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02517-z","volume":"4","author":"CM Langseth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langseth, C. M. et al. Comprehensive in situ mapping of human cortical transcriptomic cell types. Commun. Biol. 4, 998 (2021).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"1093_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00070","volume":"8","author":"TP Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva, T. P. et al. Maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebellar neurons in the absence of co-culture. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8, 70 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1093_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayler, S., Agarwal, D., Curion, F., Bowden, R. & Becker, E. B. E. High-resolution transcriptional landscape of xeno-free human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebellar organoids. Sci. Rep. 11, 12959 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91846-4"},{"key":"1093_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddad110","volume":"32","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Generation of advanced cerebellar organoids for neurogenesis and neuronal network development. Hum. Mol. Genet. 32, 2832\u20132841 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1093_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27797","volume":"118","author":"TP Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva, T. P. et al. Transcriptome profiling of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebellar organoids reveals faster commitment under dynamic conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 118, 2781\u20132803 (2021).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"1093_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0913-2","volume":"17","author":"LM Watson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watson, L. M., Wong, M. M. K., Vowles, J., Cowley, S. A. & Becker, E. B. E. A simplified method for generating purkinje cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Cerebellum 17, 419\u2013427 (2018).","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1093_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0135","volume":"27","author":"TT Hua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hua, T. T. et al. Cerebellar differentiation from human stem cells through retinoid, wnt, and sonic hedgehog pathways. Tissue Eng. A 27, 881\u2013893 (2021).","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A"},{"key":"1093_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2638","volume":"13","author":"K Muguruma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muguruma, K. et al. Ontogeny-recapitulating generation and tissue integration of ES cell-derived Purkinje cells. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 1171\u20131180 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38173","volume":"8","author":"A Giovannucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giovannucci, A. et al. CaImAn an open source tool for scalable calcium imaging data analysis. eLife 8, e38173 (2019).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"1093_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siletti, K. et al. Transcriptomic diversity of cell types across the adult human brain. Science 382, eadd7046 (2023).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046"},{"key":"1093_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04314-1","volume":"79","author":"P Kompan\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kompan\u00edkov\u00e1, P. & Bryja, V. Regulation of choroid plexus development and its functions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 79, 304 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"1093_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-05-01271.1987","volume":"7","author":"D Gruol","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gruol, D. & Franklin, C. Morphological and physiological differentiation of Purkinje neurons in cultures of rat cerebellum. J. Neurosci. 7, 1271\u20131293 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1093_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01663.1999","volume":"19","author":"IM Raman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raman, I. M. & Bean, B. P. Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar purkinje neurons. J. Neurosci. 19, 1663\u20131674 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-024-01093-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-024-01093-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-024-01093-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T14:02:12Z","timestamp":1749564132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-024-01093-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-024-01093-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A.A. and G.Q. are inventors on a hCerO patent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}