{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:35:24Z","timestamp":1793993724106,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22271213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22271213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22401212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22401212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-025-01298-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:01:48Z","timestamp":1768899708000},"page":"3098-3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Electrocatalytic C\u2012N bond construction from inorganic nitrogen sources in water"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2778-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongmeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0867-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1298_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00379-5","volume":"6","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhang, Y., Kuruvinashetti, K. & Kornienko, N. Construction of C\u2013N bonds from small-molecule precursors through heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Nat. Rev. Chem. 6, 303\u2013319 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"1298_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-024-00550-4","volume":"3","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, C., Gao, Y. & Zhang, B. Organonitrogen electrosynthesis from CO2 and nitrogenous sources in water. Nat. Synth. 3, 794\u2013796 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"1298_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00381C","volume":"52","author":"X Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng, X. et al. Electrochemical C\u2013N coupling of CO2 and nitrogenous small molecules for the electrosynthesis of organonitrogen compounds. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52, 2193\u20132237 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"1298_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaar6611","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6611","volume":"360","author":"JG Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, J. G. et al. Beyond fossil fuel\u2013driven nitrogen transformations. Science 360, eaar6611 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1298_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13732","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506907102","volume":"102","author":"JM Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas, J. M. & Raja, R. Design of a \u201cgreen\u201d one-step catalytic production of \u03b5-caprolactam (precursor of nylon-6). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 13732\u201313736 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1298_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6947","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200057t","volume":"111","author":"J Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, X. & Feng, X. Asymmetric strecker reactions. Chem. Rev. 111, 6947\u20136983 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"1298_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-024-00589-z","volume":"8","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, C., Chen, F., Zhao, B.-H., Wu, Y. & Zhang, B. Electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation of organic species involving water. Nat. Rev. Chem. 8, 277\u2013293 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"1298_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00192","volume":"56","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, C., Wu, Y., Zhao, B. & Zhang, B. Designed nanomaterials for electrocatalytic organic hydrogenation using water as the hydrogen source. Acc. Chem. Res. 56, 1872\u20131883 (2023).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"1298_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-025-00851-2","author":"Y Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. Electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation of alkynes using water as the hydrogen source. Nat. Protoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44160-025-00851-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"1298_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400033","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202400033","volume":"63","author":"S Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia, S. et al. Nitrogenous intermediates in NOx-involved electrocatalytic reactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202400033 (2024).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1298_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-024-00603-8","volume":"3","author":"D-S Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, D.-S. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea by using Fe2O3 nanoparticles encapsulated in a conductive metal\u2013organic framework. Nat. Synth. 3, 1404\u20131413 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"1298_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-019-0312-z","volume":"11","author":"M Jouny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jouny, M. et al. Formation of carbon\u2013nitrogen bonds in carbon monoxide electrolysis. Nat. Chem. 11, 846\u2013851 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"1298_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202311752","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202311752","volume":"63","author":"P Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao, P., Kang, J., Xiang, R., Wang, S. & Li, G. Electrocatalytic systems for NOx valorization in organonitrogen synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202311752 (2024).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1298_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19630","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c10714","volume":"143","author":"Z Tao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tao, Z., Rooney, C. L., Liang, Y. & Wang, H. Accessing organonitrogen compounds via C\u2013N coupling in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 19630\u201319642 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1298_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15572","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c05171","volume":"145","author":"Y Jiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Li, H., Jiao, Y. & Qiao, S.-Z. Activity and selectivity roadmap for C\u2013N electro-coupling on mxenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 15572\u201315580 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1298_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00116G","volume":"50","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, C., Li, M., Yu, Y. & Zhang, B. Nitrate electroreduction: mechanism insight, in situ characterizations, performance evaluation, and challenges. Chem. Soc. Rev. 50, 6720\u20136733 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"1298_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c05811","volume":"13","author":"Y Lou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lou, Y. et al. Mechanochemical urea synthesis using ammonia\u2212water and carbon dioxide under mild conditions: an experimental and theoretical study. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 13, 151\u2013164 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"1298_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40351-5","volume":"14","author":"J Ding","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ding, J. et al. Direct synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and ammonia. Nat. Commun. 14, 4586 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1298_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01330-w","volume":"7","author":"X Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong, X. et al. Synthesis of hydroxylamine from air and water via a plasma-electrochemical cascade pathway. Nat. Sustain. 7, 652\u2013660 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"1298_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/4371243a","volume":"437","author":"R Mokaya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mokaya, R. & Poliakoff, M. A cleaner way to nylon? Nature 437, 1243\u20131244 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1298_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10219","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b02950","volume":"8","author":"Z Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Yi, Y., Wang, L., Yan, J. & Guo, H. Pt\/TS-1 catalyst promoted C\u2013N coupling reaction in CH4\u2013NH3 plasma for HCN synthesis at low temperature. ACS Catal. 8, 10219\u201310224 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"1298_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14274","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03492","volume":"72","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Efficient fermentative production of \u03b2-alanine from glucose through multidimensional engineering of Escherichia coli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 72, 14274\u201314283 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"1298_CR23","first-page":"1319","volume":"5","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yang, L., Wu, J. & Zheng, W. A review on enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids. Synth. Biol. 5, 1319\u20131349 (2024).","journal-title":"Synth. Biol."},{"key":"1298_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz019","volume":"6","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Jia, R., Zhang, C. & Zhang, B. Electrochemical synthesis of nitric acid from air and ammonia through waste utilization. Nat. Sci. Rev. 6, 730\u2013738 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"1298_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5350","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201915992","volume":"59","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhou, W., Jia, R., Yu, Y. & Zhang, B. Unveiling the activity origin of a copper-based electrocatalyst for selective nitrate reduction to ammonia. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59, 5350\u20135354 (2020).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1298_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0654-1","volume":"5","author":"GF Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, G. F. et al. Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia via direct eight-electron transfer using a copper\u2013molecular solid catalyst. Nat. Energy 5, 605\u2013613 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"1298_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100378","volume":"2","author":"N Meng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meng, N., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, Y. & Zhang, B. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2, 100378 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"1298_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-020-0481-9","volume":"12","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Coupling N2 and CO2 in H2O to synthesize urea under ambient conditions. Nat. Chem. 12, 717\u2013724 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"1298_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00741-3","volume":"4","author":"C Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lv, C. et al. Selective electrocatalytic synthesis of urea with nitrate and carbon dioxide. Nat. Sustain. 4, 868\u2013876 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"1298_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16006","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c05660","volume":"144","author":"C Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, C. et al. Electrochemical upgrading of formic acid to formamide via coupling nitrite co-reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 16006\u201316011 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1298_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-025-00851-21","author":"Y Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. Tuning NO coverage promotes ampere-level electrosynthesis of a nylon-6 precursor. Nat. Synth. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44160-025-00851-21 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"1298_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-023-01012-4","volume":"6","author":"M Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. Electrosynthesis of amino acids from NO and \u03b1-keto acids using two decoupled flow reactors. Nat. Catal. 6, 906\u2013915 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"1298_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33232-w","volume":"13","author":"N Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng, N. et al. Electrosynthesis of formamide from methanol and ammonia under ambient conditions. Nat. Commun. 13, 5452 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1298_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202213009","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202213009","volume":"61","author":"J Shao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shao, J. et al. Scalable electrosynthesis of formamide through C\u2212N coupling at the industrially relevant current density of 120 mA cm\u22122. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202213009 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1298_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado1755","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado1755","volume":"10","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. et al. Electrocatalytic ORR\u2013coupled ammoximation for efficient oxime synthesis. Sci. Adv. 10, eado1755 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1298_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01302-0","volume":"7","author":"Q Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu, Q. et al. Pulsed co-electrolysis of carbon dioxide and nitrate for sustainable urea synthesis. Nat. Sustain. 7, 442\u2013451 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"1298_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38888-6","volume":"14","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. Electrosynthesis of a nylon-6 precursor from cyclohexanone and nitrite under ambient conditions. Nat. Commun. 14, 3057 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1298_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-024-00713-3","volume":"4","author":"F Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, F. et al. A pickering-emulsion-droplet-integrated electrode for the continuous-flow electrosynthesis of oximes. Nat. Synth. 4, 479\u2013487 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"1298_CR39","first-page":"1807","volume":"2","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Direct electro-synthesis of valuable C=N compound from NO. Chem. Catal. 2, 1807\u20131818 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Catal."},{"key":"1298_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33258-0","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, X., Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Jaroniec, M. & Qiao, S.-Z. Mechanism of C\u2013N bonds formation in electrocatalytic urea production revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Nat. Commun. 13, 5471 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1298_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27956","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c11413","volume":"146","author":"R Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, R. et al. Achieving over 90% Faradaic efficiency in cyclohexanone oxime electrosynthesis using the Cu\u2013Mo dual-site catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 27956\u201327963 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1298_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40892-9","volume":"14","author":"M He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, M. et al. Aqueous pulsed electrochemistry promotes C\u2212N bond formation via a one-pot cascade approach. Nat. Commun. 14, 5088 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1298_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139836","volume":"453","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Unveiling the quantification minefield in electrocatalytic urea synthesis. Chem. Eng. J. 453, 139836 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1298_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c02471","volume":"7","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Direct electrosynthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 284\u2013291 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"1298_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9095","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c01177","volume":"16","author":"N Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng, N. et al. Oxide-derived core\u2013shell Cu@Zn nanowires for urea electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide and nitrate in water. ACS Nano 16, 9095\u20139104 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1298_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-023-1613-x","volume":"66","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. Electrosynthesis of 15N-labeled amino acids from 15N-nitrite and ketonic acids. Sci. China Chem. 66, 1854\u20131859 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"1298_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-025-00742-6","author":"C Gong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gong, C. et al. Selective electrocatalytic synthesis of urea using entangled iron porphyrins in covalent organic frameworks. Nat. Synth. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44160-025-00742-6 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"1298_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25813","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c08564","volume":"146","author":"X Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song, X. et al. Urea synthesis via coelectrolysis of CO2 and nitrate over heterostructured Cu\u2013Bi catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 25813\u201325823 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1298_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33066-6","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Identifying and tailoring C\u2013N coupling site for efficient urea synthesis over diatomic Fe\u2013Ni catalyst. Nat. Commun. 13, 5337 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1298_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00705-7","volume":"4","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Jiang, Z., Lin, Z., Liang, Y. & Wang, H. Direct electrosynthesis of methylamine from carbon dioxide and nitrate. Nat. Sustain. 4, 725\u2013730 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"1298_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9378","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c16344","volume":"147","author":"CL Rooney","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rooney, C. L., Sun, Q., Shang, B. & Wang, H. Electrocatalytic reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with aqueous nitrite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147, 9378\u20139385 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1298_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c03400","volume":"20","author":"Y Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng, Y. et al. Te-doped Pd nanocrystal for electrochemical urea production by efficiently coupling carbon dioxide reduction with nitrite reduction. Nano Lett. 20, 8282\u20138289 (2020).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"1298_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-9936(82)80011-3","volume":"1","author":"AR Butler","year":"1982","unstructured":"Butler, A. R. & Walsh, D. Colorimetric non-enzymic methods for the determination of urea: consideration of the chemical principles upon which an analytical method is based is an essential step in the optimization of that method. It can also contribute to the simplification of procedures used and hence cut the costs of many routine analyses. Trends Anal. Chem. 1, 120\u2013124 (1982).","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01298-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01298-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01298-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:01:57Z","timestamp":1783519317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01298-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-025-01298-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}