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Specifically, China\u2019s official energy data are reported at the industry level, whereas IOTs are organized by product sectors. Valid IOT-based environmental models require consistent transformation from industry-level to product-level emissions. However, most existing studies overlook this necessary transformation, leading to substantial estimation errors. This study addresses this issue by developing a high-quality, product-level emissions dataset for China, grounded in robust product technology identification derived from IOTs. Our new emissions dataset, aligned with Chinese national IOTs, covers 29 to 34 product sectors across 7 benchmark years from 1997 to 2020. It includes data from 4 to 5 energy sectors and detailed emissions for 18 types of fossil fuels, using both IPCC-default and two China-specific emission factors. This inventory improves product-sector emission accounting and can be integrated into IOT-based climate and energy models, serving as a fundamental database for energy and emission analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04366-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1736323847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["China\u2019s product-level CO2 emissions dataset aligned with national input-output tables from 1997 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4605-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meifang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1179-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"4366_CR1","unstructured":"Crippa, M. et al. 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