{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:33:33Z","timestamp":1787787213017,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Long-term low emission development strategies (LT-LEDS), supported by Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, present scenarios and pathways aligned with national long-term climate targets. There is a growing interest in understanding whether the collective effort of national climate plans align with the goals of the Paris Agreement, alongside the feasibility, sectoral focus, and the balance of emissions and removals seen in national scenarios. Here we introduce the long-term strategy scenarios and pathways (LTS-SP) dataset, a dataset presenting scenarios and pathways detailed within LT-LEDS or similar long-term strategies. We detail the level of total and sectoral greenhouse gas emissions in 2050, or the year in which net zero is achieved, alongside the emissions and removals from land-use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) and removals from engineered carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods. We provide a comprehensive overview of our procedure and compare our dataset with current published estimates. We end by summarising several caveats to our dataset, detailing the limitations of LT-LEDS, and their use in climate policy research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04804-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T11:37:28Z","timestamp":1742729848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A dataset of emissions and removals from scenarios and pathways within long-term national climate strategies \u2013 the LTS-SP dataset"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8149-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4532-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi E.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4804_CR1","unstructured":"Climate Action Tracker. Climate Action Tracker, Warming Projections Global Update - November 2024. https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/documents\/1277\/CAT_2024-11-14_GlobalUpdate_COP29.pdf (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Green, J. F., Hale, T. N. & Arceo, A. The net zero wave: identifying patterns in the uptake and robustness of national and corporate net zero targets 2015\u20132023. Clim. Policy 1\u201314 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2024.2405221 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2024.2405221"},{"key":"4804_CR3","unstructured":"UNFCCC Secretariat. Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement Synthesis report by the secretariat. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/641792 (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forner, C. & Julien D\u00edaz, M. A Review of Intergovernmental Cooperation on the Mitigation of Climate Change. https:\/\/www.wri.org\/research\/review-intergovernmental-cooperation-mitigation-climate-change (2023).","DOI":"10.46830\/wriwp.23.00002"},{"key":"4804_CR5","unstructured":"Net Zero Tracker. Net Zero Stocktake 2024. https:\/\/zerotracker.net\/analysis\/net-zero-stocktake-2024 (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR6","unstructured":"Forner, C. & Waskow, D. Beyond the Paris Agreement: The Next Phase of International Cooperation on Climate Action. https:\/\/www.wri.org\/technical-perspectives\/beyond-paris-agreement-next-phase-international-cooperation-climate-action (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1177\/00104140211047416","volume":"55","author":"JJ Finnegan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finnegan, J. J. Institutions, Climate Change, and the Foundations of Long-Term Policymaking. Comp. Polit. Stud. 55, 1198\u20131235 (2022).","journal-title":"Comp. Polit. Stud."},{"key":"4804_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale, T. Long Problems: Climate Change and the Challenge of Governing across Time. (Princeton University Press, 2024).","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691238135"},{"key":"4804_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.09.004","volume":"4","author":"A Malhotra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malhotra, A. & Schmidt, T. S. Accelerating Low-Carbon Innovation. Joule 4, 2259\u20132267 (2020).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"4804_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Nielsen, K. S., Peng, W. & Vandenbergh, M. P. Feasible climate mitigation. Nat. Clim. Change 2022 1\u20133 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-022-01563-7 (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01563-7"},{"key":"4804_CR11","unstructured":"Rocha, M. & Falduto, C. Key Questions Guiding the Process of Setting up Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategies. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/key-questions-guiding-the-process-of-setting-up-long-term-low-emissions-development-strategies_54c2d2cc-en.html (2019)."},{"key":"4804_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2023.2260785","volume":"24","author":"C Cruanyes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cruanyes, C., Alcaraz, O. & Sureda, B. Evaluating long-term low emission development strategies and implications for the remaining global carbon budget. Clim. Policy 24, 691\u2013705 (2024).","journal-title":"Clim. Policy"},{"key":"4804_CR13","unstructured":"UNFCCC. High-Level Climate Champions Launch 2050 Pathways Platform. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/news\/high-level-climate-champions-launch-2050-pathways-platform (2016)."},{"key":"4804_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"MGJ Den Elzen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Den Elzen, M. G. J. et al. Updated nationally determined contributions collectively raise ambition levels but need strengthening further to keep Paris goals within reach. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 2022 276 27, 1\u201329 (2022).","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 2022 276"},{"key":"4804_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04553-z","volume":"604","author":"M Meinshausen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meinshausen, M. et al. Realization of Paris Agreement pledges may limit warming just below 2\u2009\u00b0C. Nature 604, 304\u2013309 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4804_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg6248","volume":"380","author":"J Rogelj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rogelj, J. et al. Credibility gap in net-zero climate targets leaves world at high risk. Science 380, 1014\u20131016 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4804_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, N., Cabr\u00e9, M. M., Piggot, G. & Lazarus, M. Tapping the Potential of NDCs and LT-LEDS to Address Fossil Fuel Production. https:\/\/www.sei.org\/publications\/ndcs-leds-fossil-fuel-production\/ (2021).","DOI":"10.51414\/sei2021.010"},{"key":"4804_CR18","unstructured":"Jones, N., Verkuijl, C., Cabr\u00e9, M. M. & Piggot, G. Connecting the Dots: Mapping References to Fossil Fuel Production in National Plans under the UNFCCC for the 2023 Global Stocktake. https:\/\/www.sei.org\/publications\/fossil-fuel-production-2023-global-stocktake\/ (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcalde, J., Johnson, G. & Roberts, J.J. National climate strategies show inequalities in global development of carbon dioxide geological storage. Commun Earth Environ 6, 61 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02043-4"},{"key":"4804_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675499","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2021.675499","volume":"3","author":"A Buylova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buylova, A., Fridahl, M., Nasiritousi, N. & Reischl, G. Cancel (Out) Emissions? The Envisaged Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies in Long-Term National Climate Strategies. Front. Clim. 3, 675499 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"4804_CR21","unstructured":"Babiker, M. et al. Cross-sectoral perspectives. in IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2022)."},{"key":"4804_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01592-2","volume":"13","author":"HJ Buck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buck, H. J., Carton, W., Lund, J. F. & Markusson, N. Why residual emissions matter right now. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 351\u2013358 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"4804_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102691","volume":"81","author":"H Jacobs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacobs, H., Gupta, A. & M\u00f6ller, I. Governing-by-aspiration? Assessing the nature and implications of including negative emission technologies (NETs) in country long-term climate strategies. Glob. Environ. Change 81, 102691 (2023).","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"4804_CR24","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme. Emissions Gap Report 2023: Broken Record \u2013 Temperatures Hit New Highs, yet World Fails to Cut Emissions (Again). https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/emissions-gap-report-2023 (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/W3B4Z","author":"SM Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith, S. M. et al. The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal - 1st Edition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/W3B4Z (2023).","journal-title":"The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal - 1st Edition."},{"key":"4804_CR26","unstructured":"Lamb, W. F. et al. Chapter 9: The CDR Gap. in The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal - 2nd Edition (eds. Smith, S. M. & et al.) (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR27","unstructured":"UNFCCC Secretariat. Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategies Synthesis Report by the Secretariat. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/619179 (2022)."},{"key":"4804_CR28","unstructured":"UNFCCC Secretariat. Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategies Synthesis Report by the Secretariat. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/632339 (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR29","unstructured":"Mooldijk, S. et al. Assessment of the G20 members\u2019 long-term strategies. https:\/\/newclimate.org\/resources\/publications\/assessment-of-the-g20-members-long-term-strategies (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.04.009","volume":"7","author":"HB Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith, H. B., Vaughan, N. E. & Forster, J. Residual emissions in long-term national climate strategies show limited climate ambition. One Earth 7, 867\u2013884 (2024).","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"4804_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00636-x","volume":"3","author":"HB Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith, H. B., Vaughan, N. E. & Forster, J. Long-term national climate strategies bet on forests and soils to reach net-zero. Commun. Earth Environ. 3, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"4804_CR32","unstructured":"Carbon Counts. Strengthening climate action in Malawi and Mozambique. https:\/\/www.carbon-counts.com\/single-post\/2020\/07\/16\/carbon-counts-supporting-malawi-and-mozambique-to-strengthen-their-national-climate-effor (2020)."},{"key":"4804_CR33","unstructured":"NDC Partnership. Kenya Unveils Comprehensive Legal Framework to Accelerate Climate Action | NDC Partnership. https:\/\/ndcpartnership.org\/news\/kenya-unveils-comprehensive-legal-framework-accelerate-climate-action (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR34","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme. UNDP-RFP-2023-259, To Conduct Scenario Modelling and Macroeconomic Assesment (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR35","unstructured":"NDC Partnership. Jamaica\u2019s Long-Term Emissions Reduction and Climate-Resilience Strategy for 2050. https:\/\/ndcpartnership.org\/news\/jamaicas-long-term-emissions-reduction-and-climate-resilience-strategy-2050 (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR36","unstructured":"NDC Partnership. Jordan Developing 2050 Long-term Low-carbon and Climate Resilient Strategy. https:\/\/ndcpartnership.org\/news\/jordan-developing-2050-long-term-low-carbon-and-climate-resilient-strategy (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR37","unstructured":"UNFCCC Secretariat. Long-term strategies portal. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process\/the-paris-agreement\/long-term-strategies (2025)."},{"key":"4804_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14054503","author":"MW Jones","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones, M. W. et al. National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14054503 (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR39","unstructured":"World Bank. World Bank Open Data. World Bank Open Data https:\/\/data.worldbank.org (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR40","unstructured":"European Commission. National long-term strategies. https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/energy-climate-change-environment\/implementation-eu-countries\/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting\/national-long-term-strategies_en (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR41","unstructured":"Jeudy-Hugo, S., Lo Re, L. & Fadulto, C. Understanding Countries\u2019 Net-Zero Emissions Targets. www.oecd.org\/environment\/cc\/ccxg.htm (2021)."},{"key":"4804_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00662-3","volume":"591","author":"J Rogelj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rogelj, J., Geden, O., Cowie, A. & Reisinger, A. Net-zero emissions targets are vague: three ways to fix. Nature 591, 365\u2013368 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4804_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15285","volume":"1554","author":"MGJ den Elzen","year":"2025","unstructured":"den Elzen, M. G. J. et al. Uncertainties around net-zero climate targets have major impact on greenhouse gas emissions projections. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1554, 209\u2013222 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"4804_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/10\/105007","volume":"10","author":"J Rogelj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rogelj, J. et al. Zero emission targets as long-term global goals for climate protection. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 105007 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"4804_CR45","unstructured":"IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, Chapter 1: Introduction. vol. 4 https:\/\/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/2006gl\/pdf\/1_Volume1\/V1_1_Ch1_Introduction.pdf (2006)."},{"key":"4804_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2023.2167802","author":"C Umemiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umemiya, C. & White, M. K. National GHG inventory capacity in developing countries \u2013 a global assessment of progress. Clim. Policy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2023.2167802 (2023).","journal-title":"Clim. Policy"},{"key":"4804_CR47","unstructured":"IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, Chapter 8: Reporting Guidance and Tables. vol. 1 https:\/\/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/2006gl\/pdf\/1_Volume1\/V1_8_Ch8_Reporting_Guidance.pdf (2006)."},{"key":"4804_CR48","unstructured":"HM Government. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/net-zero-strategy (2022)."},{"key":"4804_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/reel.12302","volume":"28","author":"M Doelle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doelle, M. & Chircop, A. Decarbonizing international shipping: an appraisal of the IMO\u2019s initial strategy. Rev Eur Commun Int Env. Law 28, 268\u201377 (2019).","journal-title":"Rev Eur Commun Int Env. Law"},{"key":"4804_CR50","unstructured":"Mithal, S. & Rutherford, D. ICAO\u2019s 2050 Net-Zero CO2 Goal for International Aviation. https:\/\/theicct.org\/publication\/global-aviation-icao-net-zero-goal-jan23\/ (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR51","unstructured":"Committee on Climate Change. Letter: International aviation and shipping and net zero - Climate Change Committee (2019)."},{"key":"4804_CR52","unstructured":"Riahi, K. et al. Mitigation Pathways Compatible with Long-term Goals. in IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2022)."},{"key":"4804_CR53","unstructured":"Catal\u00e0, A. P., Waisman, H., Torres Gunfaus, M., Jaramillo, M. & Achaichia, S. NDC \u2013 LT-LEDS Alignment Guide: Aligning Short Term Plans with Long Term Ambitions. https:\/\/2050pathways.org\/resource-hub\/ndc-lt-leds-alignment-guide-aligning-short-term-plans-with-long-term-ambitions\/ (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR54","unstructured":"Schenuit, F., Boettcher, M. & Geden, O. \u201cCarbon Management\u201d: Opportunities and Risks for Ambitious Climate Policy. https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/10.18449\/2023C29\/ (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR55","unstructured":"DESNZ. Carbon Budget Delivery Plan. Department for Energy Security and Net Zero https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/carbon-budget-delivery-plan (2023)."},{"key":"4804_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0198-6","volume":"8","author":"G Luderer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luderer, G. et al. Residual fossil CO2 emissions in 1.5\u20132\u2009\u00b0C pathways. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 623\u2013626 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"4804_CR57","unstructured":"UNFCCC. Reporting requirements. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/transparency-and-reporting\/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention\/greenhouse-gas-inventories-annex-i-parties\/reporting-requirements (2025)."},{"key":"4804_CR58","unstructured":"UK Government. Net Zero Strategy: emissions taxonomy. UK Net Zero Strategy (2021)."},{"key":"4804_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2023.103035","volume":"98","author":"JF Lund","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lund, J. F., Markusson, N., Carton, W. & Buck, H. J. Net zero and the unexplored politics of residual emissions. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 98, 103035 (2023).","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"4804_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abbd02","volume":"15","author":"S Madeddu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madeddu, S. et al. The CO2 reduction potential for the European industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat). Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 124004 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"4804_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.114848","volume":"266","author":"J Rissman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rissman, J. et al. Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070. Appl. Energy 266, 114848 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"4804_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830660","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.830660","volume":"4","author":"B Olfe-Kr\u00e4utlein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olfe-Kr\u00e4utlein, B., Armstrong, K., Mutchek, M., Cremonese, L. & Sick, V. Why Terminology Matters for Successful Rollout of Carbon Dioxide Utilization Technologies. Front. Clim. 4, 830660 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"4804_CR63","unstructured":"Geden, O., Smith, S. M. & Cowie, A. Chapter 1: Introduction, The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal - 2nd Edition. in The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal - 2nd Edition (eds. Smith, S. M. et al.) (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE03338B","volume":"12","author":"SE Tanzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tanzer, S. E. & Ram\u00edrez, A. When are negative emissions negative emissions? Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 1210\u20131218 (2019).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"4804_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.12921","volume":"12","author":"MJ Mace","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mace, M. J., Fyson, C. L., Schaeffer, M. & Hare, W. L. Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Removal to Meet the 1.5\u2009\u00b0C Limit: Key Governance Gaps, Challenges and Priority Responses. Glob. Policy 12, 67\u201381 (2021).","journal-title":"Glob. Policy"},{"key":"4804_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.14943905","author":"H Smith","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith, H., Vaughan, N. & Forster, J. A dataset of emissions and removals from scenarios and pathways within long-term national climate strategies - the LTS-SP dataset. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14943905 (2025)."},{"key":"4804_CR67","unstructured":"Net Zero Tracker. Methodology. Net Zero Tracker (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR68","unstructured":"Government of Nepal. Nepal\u2019s Long-Term Strategy for Net-Zero Emissions. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/NepalLTLEDS.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"4804_CR69","unstructured":"IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4, Chapter 1: Introduction. https:\/\/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/2006gl\/pdf\/4_Volume4\/V4_01_Ch1_Introduction.pdf (2006)."},{"key":"4804_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0283-x","volume":"8","author":"G Grassi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grassi, G. et al. Reconciling global-model estimates and country reporting of anthropogenic forest CO2 sinks. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 914\u2013920 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"4804_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2022.11.009","volume":"5","author":"C Schwingshackl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schwingshackl, C. et al. Differences in land-based mitigation estimates reconciled by separating natural and land-use CO2 fluxes at the country level. One Earth 5, 1367\u20131376 (2022).","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"4804_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06724-y","volume":"624","author":"MJ Gidden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gidden, M. J. et al. Aligning climate scenarios to emissions inventories shifts global benchmarks. Nature 624, 102\u2013108 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4804_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13021-018-0095-3","volume":"13","author":"SM Ogle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogle, S. M. et al. Delineating managed land for reporting national greenhouse gas emissions and removals to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. Carbon Balance Manag. 13, 9 (2018).","journal-title":"Carbon Balance Manag."},{"key":"4804_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-01005-y","volume":"4","author":"G-J Nabuurs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nabuurs, G.-J., Ciais, P., Grassi, G., Houghton, R. A. & Sohngen, B. Reporting carbon fluxes from unmanaged forest. Commun. Earth Environ. 4, 1\u20134 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"4804_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global Carbon Budget 2024. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. 1\u2013133 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-2024-519 (2024).","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2024-519"},{"key":"4804_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-4643-2022","volume":"14","author":"G Grassi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grassi, G. et al. Carbon fluxes from land 2000\u20132020: bringing clarity to countries\u2019 reporting. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14, 4643\u20134666 (2022).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"4804_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2021.2002250","volume":"22","author":"F Lecocq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lecocq, F., Nada\u00ef, A. & Cassen, C. Getting models and modellers to inform deep decarbonization strategies. Clim. Policy 22, 695\u2013710 (2022).","journal-title":"Clim. Policy"},{"key":"4804_CR78","unstructured":"Australian Government. Australia\u2019s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan: A whole-of-economy Plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/307803 (2021)."},{"key":"4804_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.725","volume":"12","author":"K Crowley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crowley, K. Fighting the future: The politics of climate policy failure in Australia (2015\u20132020). WIREs Clim. Change 12, e725 (2021).","journal-title":"WIREs Clim. Change"},{"key":"4804_CR80","unstructured":"Australian Government. Australia\u2019s Long-Term Emissions Reduction Plan: Modelling and Analysis. https:\/\/www.dcceew.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/australias-long-term-emissions-reduction-plan-modelling.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"4804_CR81","unstructured":"Bowen, C. Letter from Minister for Climate Change and Energy. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/Letter%20from%20Minister%20Bowen%20to%20UNFCCC%20Executive%20Secretary.pdf (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR82","unstructured":"Australian Government. Annual Climate Change Statement 2023. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/637069 (2024)."},{"key":"4804_CR83","unstructured":"Thai government. Mid-Century, Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/Thailand_LTS1.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"4804_CR84","unstructured":"Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Thailand\u2019s Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy (Revised Version). https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/Thailand%20LT-LEDS%20%28Revised%20Version%29_08Nov2022.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"4804_CR85","unstructured":"Environment and Climate Change Canada. Exploring Approaches for Canada\u2019s Transition to Net-Zero Emissions. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/LTS%20Full%20Draft_Final%20version_oct31.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"4804_CR86","unstructured":"IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 1, Chapter 5: Time Series Consistency. https:\/\/www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp\/public\/2006gl\/pdf\/1_Volume1\/V1_5_Ch5_Timeseries.pdf (2006)."},{"key":"4804_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crippa, M. et al. GHG Emissions of All World Countries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/4002897 (online),10.2760\/0115360 (print) (2024).","DOI":"10.2760\/4002897"},{"key":"4804_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-01984-6","volume":"14","author":"WF Lamb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lamb, W. F. et al. The carbon dioxide removal gap. Nat. Clim. Change 14, 644\u2013651 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04804-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04804-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04804-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T23:20:54Z","timestamp":1742772054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04804-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-025-04804-4","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.14054503","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.14943905","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"485"}}